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GCE MAY 2010 : A2 1 Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillation and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised

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Sp N ec e i w ca tio n Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2010 Physics Assessment Unit A2 1 Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics AY211 assessing [AY211] THURSDAY 27 MAY, AFTERNOON TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 90. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 2(a)(ii). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 9 contributes to the synoptic assessment required of the specification. Candidates should allow approximately 20 minutes for this question. For Examiner s use only Question Marks Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Marks 5367 1 The graph in Fig 1.1 shows how the displacement of a nitrogen molecule varies with time in the air as a result of a sound wave passing. The molecule can be assumed to execute simple harmonic motion. Displacement/mm 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time/ s 0.1 0.2 0.3 Fig 1.1 Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) Describe the displacement of the nitrogen molecule during the 600 s duration as shown on the graph in Fig 1.1. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [2] 5367 2 [Turn over (b) Using the displacement time graph in Fig 1.1 show that the maximum velocity of the nitrogen molecule, as a result of the passage of the sound wave, is approximately 3 m s 1. Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] (c) (i) The nitrogen molecule will possess momentum, define momentum. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Calculate the maximum momentum of the nitrogen molecule if the mass of the nitrogen molecule is 4.65 10 26 kg. Include its unit. Momentum = _____________________ [1] Unit = _____________________ [1] 5367 3 [Turn over 2 (a) Consider one of the standard experiments on the behaviour of gases to show that the product of gas pressure and volume is a constant for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Draw a labelled sketch of the apparatus you would use. [2] (ii) Describe how the experiment is conducted in order to obtain a series of pressure and volume values. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication 5367 [2] 4 [Turn over (b) (i) The results from such an experiment are displayed in the graph of Fig 2.1. Examiner Only Marks Remark Pressure/Pa 0 (Volume) 1/m 3 Fig 2.1 For a set of results the gradient is measured and found to be 12 200 Pa m3. Show that the temperature of the gas is 4 C if the gas contains 5.30 moles. [3] (ii) On the axes of Fig 2.1 draw a line to indicate the results of a similar experiment only for the same gas sample but at a higher temperature. [1] 5367 5 [Turn over 3 Ganymede is the largest of Jupiter s satellites, and it has a mass of 1.48 1023 kg. The radius of its circular orbit is 1.07 109 m and it takes 172 hours to complete one orbit of Jupiter. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) (i) Show that the mean angular velocity of Ganymede is 1.01 10 5 rad s 1. [2] (ii) Calculate the linear speed of Ganymede as it orbits Jupiter. Speed = _____________________ m s 1 [3] (b) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting to keep Ganymede in this orbit. Force = __________________ N [2] (ii) In what direction does this force act? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] 5367 6 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Questions continue overleaf) 5367 7 [Turn over 4 Fig. 4.1 illustrates an experimental arrangement to investigate resonance and damping. Examiner Only Marks Remark Fixed Pulley String metre rule Rotating cam on axle Spring Mass Fig. 4.1 The apparatus consists of a piece of string, initially horizontal, securely fixed at one end, placed over a pulley in order to support a vertical spring to which a mass is attached. A pointer, secured to the lower end of the spring, indicates a position on a vertical metre rule. An oval shaped cam rotates and as it does so it causes the string it comes into contact with to lift twice in each rotation. The rotation frequency of the cam can be altered using a signal generator. This apparatus is used to demonstrate resonance. (a) Identify the component(s) that (i) is/are forced to vibrate __________________________________________________ [1] (ii) provide(s) the driving force that results in the vibration __________________________________________________ [1] 5367 8 [Turn over (b) (i) Label the vertical axis of Fig. 4.2 and sketch the shape of a typical resonance graph for the system as the frequency of the cam is progressively increased. Examiner Only Marks Remark Frequency/Hz Fig. 4.2 [2] (ii) Suggest a practical method of increasing the damping in the experimental arrangement. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (iii) On Fig. 4.2 sketch the resonance graph expected for the more heavily damped system. Clearly label this new graph D. [3] (c) Resonance occurs when the signal generator frequency is 16 Hz. That is, the oval shaped cam makes 16 complete rotations every second. What is the natural frequency of the system which has been forced to vibrate? Frequency = ___________ Hz [1] 5367 9 [Turn over 5 The A2 Data and Formulae Sheet gives the following equation for nuclear radius r : Examiner Only Marks Remark 1 r = r0 A 3 Equation 5.1 (a) What do the following terms in Equation 5.1 represent? (i) r0 = ______________________________________________ [1] (ii) A = ______________________________________________ [1] (b) (i) On Fig 5.1 sketch the shape of graph expected for Equation 5.1 given the axes as labelled on Fig. 5.1. [1] r 1 A3 Fig. 5.1 (ii) Explain how to find a value for r0 from the graph you sketched in Fig. 5.1. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] 5367 10 [Turn over (c) (i) Show that the nuclear radius 109 Ag 47 is 5.73 fm if r0 = 1.20 fm. Examiner Only Marks Remark [1] (ii) Calculate the nuclear density of silver. 4 The volume of a sphere is r3 3 Nuclear density = _______________________ kg m 3 [3] (iii) Metallic silver has a density of 10.5 103 kg m 3 and another metal selenium has a density less than half that at 4.80 103 kg m 3. Comment on the nuclear density of selenium compared to the nuclear density of silver. Explain your reasoning. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] 5367 11 [Turn over 6 Complete the Table 6.1 by inserting appropriate values of mass and charge for the alpha particle, the beta particle and the gamma radiation. (a) Examiner Only Marks Remark Table 6.1 Mass/u Charge/C Alpha particle Beta particle 1 1840 Gamma radiation [3] An alpha particle is released into the atmosphere with a typical kinetic energy of 5 MeV while a beta particle is typically released with kinetic energy of 0.2 MeV. (b) (i) How do these decay particles lose their kinetic energy after release into the atmosphere? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Explain why the alpha particle has a shorter range in air than the beta particle even though it is released with more kinetic energy. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] 5367 12 [Turn over (c) The diagram in Fig. 6.2 represents the decay chain of protactinium 236 to radium 228 in three consecutive stages r, s and t. Examiner Only Marks Remark 240 236 91Pa 236 r s Atomic mass number 232 t 228 228 88Ra 224 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Atomic number Fig. 6.2 Identify the decay processes r, s and t. Explain your reasoning. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [3] 5367 13 [Turn over 7 (a) (i) Draw the shape of the binding energy per nucleon against mass number graph on Fig. 7.1. [2] Examiner Only Marks Remark The maximum value has been marked on each axis. Binding energy per nucleon/MeV 8.8 0 Mass number 240 Fig. 7.1 (ii) What is meant by the expression binding energy per nucleon ? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] 5367 14 [Turn over (b) (i) Fission and fusion are nuclear processes that give out energy. State how they differ in terms of the nuclei involved and what happens to those nuclei. Examiner Only Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] (ii) With reference to the graph drawn in Fig. 7.1, explain how both nuclear fission and fusion can liberate energy. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Explain why the energy given out per nucleon from fusion is greater than from fission. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] 5367 15 [Turn over 8 Producing electricity from nuclear sources requires a reactor. Practical fission reactors already exist but only experimental fusion reactors, such as JET. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) (i) Name the most likely nuclide used as fuel in a fission reactor. Nuclide is _______________________ [1] (ii) Name the two nuclides most likely to be used as fuel in a terrestrial fusion reactor. Nuclides are ___________________ and ________________ [1] (b) In both reaction types the kinetic energy of sub-atomic particles is critical to the process. (i) 1. Name the sub-atomic particle in the fission reaction. Particle __________________ [1] 2. State why the kinetic energy is altered and how this is achieved. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ [3] (ii) 1. Name the particle in the fusion reaction. Particle __________________ [1] 2. State in what way the kinetic energy is altered and why it is altered. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ [2] 5367 16 [Turn over 9 Introduction Examiner Only Marks Remark An experiment is performed to investigate the relationship between the frequency of the sound emitted from two identical speakers and the separation of adjacent loud sounds (maxima) in the interference pattern formed. A signal generator is connected to the two loudspeakers so that they both emit sound waves of the same frequency and amplitude. The waves emitted from each speaker are in-phase. Fig. 9.1 illustrates the experimental arrangement. Adjacent maxima y Signal generator Fig. 9.1 The relationship between frequency f and separation y is given in Equation 9.1. f = ky n Equation 9.1 where k and n are constants the values of which are not known. By taking logarithms of each side of Equation 9.1, we allow comparison to y = mx + c which enables a linear graph to be drawn from which k and n can be determined. (a) Complete Equation 9.2. lg10(f ) = ______________________________ Equation 9.2 [2] 5367 17 [Turn over Table 9.1 gives data for the sound frequency, f, and corresponding separation, y, obtained during this experiment. Examiner Only Marks Remark Table 9.1 f/Hz 256 317 422 513 627 y/m 3.32 2.68 2.01 1.66 1.36 (b) Use the blank columns in Table 9.1 to calculate any other values you will need to draw the linear graph. Remember to head the columns with appropriate quantity and unit. [3] (c) (i) On the grid of Fig 9.2 opposite draw the linear graph. Clearly label both axes. [3] (ii) Use your graph in Fig. 9.2 to find values for the constants n and k. n = _________________________ [2] k = _________________________ [2] 5367 18 [Turn over Fig. 9.2 5367 19 [Turn over (iii) This experiment is analogous to Young s double slit experiment with light. The Data and Formulae Sheet gives, for two-source interference, the equation: ay = d Examiner Only Marks Remark If the speakers in the sound experiment are 2 m apart and the plane of the speakers is 5 m from the plane of the interference pattern, calculate a value for the speed of sound in air making use of a result from Table 9.1 and this equation. Speed of sound = ___________ m s 1 [3] (d) At the position of an interference maximum each speaker contributes a sound intensity of 0.66 mW m 2. What will the intensity level be at this position? The threshold of hearing is 1.0 10 12 W m 2. Intensity level = _____________________ dB [2] 5367 20 [Turn over THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 5367 5367 21 [Turn over 1847-048-1 [Turn over GCE Physics Data and Formulae Sheet for A2 1 and A2 2 Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s (uni ed) atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J AY211INS 5367.02 The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Mechanics Conservation of energy 1 1 mv 2 mu 2 = Fs 2 2 Hooke s Law F = kx (spring constant k) for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = A cos t Sound intensity level/dB = 10 lg10 Two-source interference = Sound I I0 Waves ay d Thermal physics Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 3 m c2 = kT 2 2 Kinetic theory 1 pV = Nm c2 3 Thermal energy Q = mc Capacitors 1 Capacitors in series = 1 + 1 + 1 Capacitors in parallel Time constant 5367.02 C = C1 + C2 + C3 = RC 2 [Turn over Light Lens formula Magnification 1 = vf v m=u u + Electricity Terminal potential difference Potential divider V = E Ir (E.m.f. E; Internal Resistance r) R1Vin Vout = R +R Particles and photons Radioactive decay A = N A = A0e t Half-life t1 = 0. 693 de Broglie equation = h p 2 The nucleus Nuclear radius 5367.02 1 r = r0 A 3 3 5367.02 [Turn over

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Additional Info : Gce Physics May 2010 Assessment Unit A2 1, Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised
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