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GCE JUN 2007 : A2 3A Particle Physics

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2007 Physics assessing Module 6: Particle Physics A2Y31 Assessment Unit A2 3A [A2Y31] THURSDAY 14 JUNE, MORNING TIME 1 hour. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Answer all five questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 50. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 5(a). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 5 contributes to the synoptic assessment requirement of the Specification. You are advised to spend about 40 minutes in answering questions 1 4, and about 20 minutes in answering question 5. A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 For Examiner s use only Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 Total Marks Marks If you need the values of physical constants to answer any questions in this paper, they may be found on the Data and Formulae Sheet. Examiner Only Marks Remark Answer all five questions 1 Your Data and Formulae Sheet gives the following equation for the radius of a nucleus. 1 r = r0 A3 Equation 1.1 (a) (i) In Equation 1.1, what do the following symbols represent? r: ____________________ r0: ____________________ A: ____________________ [2] (ii) Which of the values listed below is the best approximation to r0? 1 m 1nm 1pm 1fm [1] (b) (i) Use your value of r0 and Equation 1.1 to calculate the density of nuclear matter. Density = ___________ kg m 3 [3] (ii) Comment on the value of the density of nuclear matter you have calculated in comparison with the density of everyday matter. Suggest a reason for any difference between these values. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 2 [Turn over 2 (a) A comparison of fusion and fission reactions shows the importance of developing practical fusion power. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) The fusion reaction between a lithium nucleus and a deuterium nucleus is represented by the equation 6Li 3 + 2H 2 4He 1 2 The energy released in this reaction is 3.59 10 12 J. (1) Convert this energy to MeV. Energy = _____________ MeV (2) Calculate the energy released per nucleon of fuel used. Energy released per nucleon of fuel = ________________ MeV [2] (ii) The energy released in the fission of one uranium-235 nucleus is approximately 200 MeV. Comment on your answer to (a)(i)(2) in comparison with this figure. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (iii) State two other advantages of fusion over fission. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ [2] (b) (i) Describe what a plasma is. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Briefly outline the basic principles of plasma confinement by inertial confinement. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 3 [Turn over 3 (a) (i) One design of a particle accelerator is the synchrotron, a development of the cyclotron. State two features of the synchrotron that distinguish it from the cyclotron. Examiner Only Marks Remark 1. ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Show that, in a synchrotron, the path followed by a particle of mass m and charge q at a speed v has a radius of curvature r given by mv r = Bq Equation 3.1 [2] (b) The large electron positron collider (LEP) at CERN accelerates electrons and positrons to kinetic energies of 50 GeV and has a radius of 4.25 km. The super proton synchrotron (SPS) at CERN accelerates protons and anti-protons to kinetic energies of 450 GeV in a 1.1 km radius circle. (i) Both the LEP and the SPS involve particles and their corresponding antiparticles. What is an antiparticle? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 4 [Turn over (ii) In the LEP, what happens when an electron collides with a positron? Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Assume that the same B-field is used in both machines. Using Equation 3.1, explain why the velocity of the particles in the LEP collider is greater than that in the SPS accelerator. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 5 [Turn over 4 (a) Consider a neutral atom of beryllium (9Be). 4 State how many of each type of particle a neutral atom of beryllium contains. Explain your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Number of leptons = _______ Explanation ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Number of baryons = _______ Explanation ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Number of mesons = _______ Explanation ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (b) The following equation represents the reaction between a particle X and a neutron. X + n p + e In this equation, lepton number is conserved in the same way as charge is conserved. That is, the sum of the lepton numbers on the left-hand side of the equation must equal the sum of the lepton numbers on the right-hand side. By consideration of the conservation of charge and the conservation of lepton number, identify particle X. Reasoning: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Particle X: ____________________ A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 [2] 6 [Turn over 5 Extended free-response question Examiner Only Marks Remark This question contributes to the synoptic assessment requirement of the Specification. In your answer, you will be expected to bring together and apply principles and contexts from different areas of physics, and to use the skills of physics, in the particular situation described. You are advised to spend about 20 minutes in answering this question. In part (a) of this question you should answer in continuous prose. You will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. The Electromagnetic Spectrum In the nineteenth century James Clerk Maxwell showed that the speed of all electromagnetic waves in free space, irrespective of their wavelength or origin, was equal to the speed of light, namely c = 3.0 108 m s 1. He subsequently suggested that light was one form of electromagnetic wave motion and the search for other forms began. The whole family is now known, and although methods of production and detection differ, they all exhibit certain common properties. (a) Describe what is meant by the electromagnetic spectrum. Include in your description its nature, the order of the regions of the spectrum and two properties common to all of the waves. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 [1] 7 [Turn over (b) (i) State a typical wavelength for the following: Examiner Only Marks Remark Wavelength of visible light = ________________ m Wavelength of X-rays = ________________ m [2] (ii) The typical wavelength of a wave used in radar is 3.0 cm. Calculate the frequency and energy of a photon of this radiation. Frequency = ________________ Hz Photon energy = ________________ eV [2] [2] (c) In radar astronomy, pulses of electromagnetic waves are reflected from distant objects such as moons and planets to calculate distances. (i) A radar reflection takes 12 minutes to complete a trip from Earth to Venus and back. Calculate how far Venus is from Earth at the time of the experiment. Give your answer in astronomical units where 1 astronomical unit (1AU) is equal to the mean Sun Earth distance, which is 1.5 1011 m. Distance of Venus from Earth ____________ AU [2] (ii) A radar beam can span the entire surface of Venus to estimate the radius of the planet from the time spread of reflected pulses. Radar pulses from the equator arrive back at the receiver 40 ms before pulses reflected from the poles. Calculate the radius of Venus. Radius of Venus ____________ km A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 [2] 8 [Turn over (d) (i) Optical fibres can trap light through the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Explain what is meant by total internal reflection. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ii) The endoscope, used in medical imaging, makes use of bundles of optical fibres. One of these bundles is called the coherent bundle. The other is called the non-coherent bundle. (1) Explain the meaning of these terms in this context. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ (2) Describe the use of each of these bundles. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ [4] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER A2Y3AS7R 3038.03 9 [Turn over A2Y1W7 2924 10 [Turn over A2Y1W7 2924 11 [Turn over S 5/07 7-163-3 [Turn over GCE Physics (Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced) Data and Formulae Sheet Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permeability of a vacuum 0 = 4 10 7 H m 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 ( ) elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J A2Y31INS A2Y3AS7 3038.02 USEFUL FORMULAE The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Thermal physics Mechanics Momentum-impulse relation mv mu = Ft for a constant force Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 m<c2> 2 Power P = Fv Kinetic theory pV = 1 Nm <c2> 3 Conservation of energy 1 mv 2 2 1 mu 2 = Fs 2 for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = x0 cos t or x = x0 sin t Velocity v = x 0 2 x 2 Simple pendulum T = 2 l / g Loaded helical spring T = 2 m / k Medical physics Sound intensity level/dB = 10 lg10(I/I0) Sound intensity difference/dB = 10 lg10(I2/I1) Resolving power sin = / D Waves Capacitors Capacitors in parallel 11 1 1 = + + C C1 C 2 C 3 C = C1 + C2 + C3 Time constant = RC Capacitors in series Electromagnetism Magnetic flux density due to current in (i)i long straight (i)i solenoid B= (ii) long straight (i)i conductor B= 0NI l 0I 2 a Alternating currents A.c. generator E = E0 sin t = BAN sin t Particles and photons Two-slit interference = ay/d Diffraction grating d sin = n Lens formula Stress and Strain Hooke s law F = kx Strain energy E = <F > x (= 1 Fx = 1 kx 2 2 2 if Hooke s law is obeyed) Electricity Potential divider 3038.02 Vout = R1Vin/(R1 + R2) A = N A = A0e t t1 = 0.693/ 2 Photoelectric effect 1 mv2 = max 2 de Broglie equation 1/u + 1/v = 1/ f Radioactive decay Half life Light A2Y3AS7 = 3 kT 2 = h /p Particle Physics Nuclear radius 1 r = r0 A3 hf hf0

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Additional Info : Gce Physics June 2007 Assessment Unit A2 3A, Module 6: Particle Physics
Tags : General Certificate of Education, A Level and AS Level, uk, council for the curriculum examinations and assessment, gce exam papers, gce a level and as level exam papers , gce past questions and answer, gce past question papers, ccea gce past papers, gce ccea past papers

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