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GCE JAN 2007 : (A2 1) Physical Processes and Human Interactions

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ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2007 Geography assessing Module 4: Physical Processes and Human Interactions A2G11 Assessment Unit A2 1 [A2G11] MONDAY 8 JANUARY, AFTERNOON TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Answer two questions. Answer one question from each of the two optional units you have studied. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 70. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. You are strongly recommended to read through and consider the questions before choosing those you are going to answer. This paper is accompanied by a Resource Booklet. SYNOPTIC ASSESSMENT The synoptic element of each question is indicated by syn. These synoptic elements require you to demonstrate an understanding of the connections between physical and human geography. A2G1W7 2628 Unit A: Managing Fluvial and Coastal Environments 1 (a) Study Resources 1A and 1B (page 2 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrate the use of a river and its valley in County Wicklow. With reference to the resources: (i) discuss the varied demands upon and uses of this river and valley zone; [6] (ii) for any one of these demands, discuss how exploitation of the natural environment may provide benefits for the local community. [4] (b) Discuss modern approaches to river management and briefly suggest why attitudes to environmental management have changed. (Reference to specific examples is not required.) [7] syn (c) With reference to a small scale study of a coastal sand dune ecosystem: (i) describe the ways in which human activity has the potential to upset the natural balance of the ecosystem; [6] (ii) discuss the management strategies which have been used to repair environmental damage, and evaluate their effectiveness. [12] 2 (a) Study Resources 2A and 2B (page 3 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrate restrictions on, and impacts of, vehicle use upon the beach and dune system at Magilligan, County Londonderry. (i) Suggest reasons why the restrictions shown may have been introduced. [5] (ii) Describe an additional strategy which might improve the effectiveness of the present restrictions. [3] (b) With the use of a diagram or diagrams and with reference to an example, explain how [9] physical processes operate to create any one coastal landform. syn (c) With reference to a regional scale case study of river basin management: (i) describe the reasons why river management was required; (ii) discuss the physical and human impacts of the scheme. A2G1W7 2628 2 [6] [12] [Turn over Unit B: The Nature and Vulnerability of Tropical Ecosystems 3 (a) (i) With reference to the tropical grassland biome, describe its distribution referring to specific locations. [5] (ii) Explain this distribution in terms of the interplay of atmospheric processes, with the aid of a diagram or diagrams. [9] (b) Study Resource 3 (page 4 of the Resource Booklet) which is a report on the impact of the new Inter-Oceanic highway linking Brazil to Peru s Pacific coast. (i) Outline the potential benefits of this scheme. [3] (ii) Discuss the possible threats the scheme poses for the local rainforest ecosystem. [6] syn (c) With reference to places for illustration purposes, discuss how the use of a traditional slash and burn management system can maintain the nutrient cycle and a sustainable economy. [12] 4 (a) Study Resource 4 (page 5 of the Resource Booklet) which shows a map of the relative coverage and projected loss of tropical forests in Central and South America. (i) What is the mapping technique used in Resource 4? [2] (ii) Identify the two countries whose forests are most threatened by deforestation. Justify your answer. [3] syn (b) Human activity can modify soil with significant implications for the economy. Discuss this statement with reference to the aridsols, the zonal profile of semi-arid tropical soils. [10] (c) (i) Draw the model diagram that illustrates nutrient cycling in any ecosystem. (Named stores and flows should be included.) [8] (ii) With reference to case study material, discuss nutrient cycling in tropical rainforests under natural conditions. [12] A2G1W7 2628 3 [Turn over Unit C: Pollution and its Management 5 (a) With reference to places for illustration, demonstrate how pollution incidents may be classified according to their frequency of occurrence. [5] (b) Explain why a flow line map is an appropriate technique to present information on the movement of an air pollutant. [3] (c) Study Resource 5 (page 6 of the Resource Booklet) which is a newspaper article concerning the future of nuclear energy in the United Kingdom. (i) Using the resource to help you, describe the potential positive impacts of the development of nuclear-generated energy. [7] (ii) Using the resource, evaluate the United Kingdom Government s policy of increasing energy generation through the use of a combination of nuclear energy and renewable power. [5] syn (d) Economic development inevitably leads to pollution. Discuss this statement with reference to a small-scale case study of urban solid waste disposal. [15] A2G1W7 2628 4 [Turn over 6 (a) Study Resource 6 (page 7 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrates the contribution of various atmospheric pollutants to environmental outcomes. (i) Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and CFCs are primary gaseous pollutants. What is meant by the term primary gaseous pollutant ? [3] (ii) Name a secondary gaseous pollutant (not shown on Resource 6) and explain how it differs from a primary gaseous pollutant. [3] (iii) With reference to places for illustration, describe how any one of the environmental outcomes shown by Resource 6 results from human activity. [9] (b) What mapping technique may best be used to present information on the global pattern of acid rain? [2] syn (c) With reference to a regional scale case study of river pollution: (i) identify the direct and indirect effects of pollution on the river; [6] (ii) show how collaborative strategies have been used to manage such pollution. A2G1W7 2628 5 [12] [Turn over Unit D: Natural Hazards and Human Activity 7 (a) Outline what the theory of Plate Tectonics suggests about: the structure of the earth s crust; the processes that act on it. [8] (b) Study Resource 7 (page 8 of the Resource Booklet) which shows the distributions of deep ocean trenches in the Pacific Ocean basin and the volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire. (i) Identify the nature of the plate margins at which these features are formed. [1] (ii) With the aid of a diagram explain the formation process of both these features. [10] syn (c) With reference to your small scale case study of earthquake activity in a MEDC: (i) outline the primary and secondary effects of the earthquake; [6] (ii) describe the preparation for, and the responses to, the earthquake. 8 [10] (a) Study Resource 8 (page 9 of the Resource Booklet) which shows precipitation totals for the Winter and Summer monsoon in the Korean peninsula, S.E. Asia. (i) Describe the variation in total precipitation between the two seasons. [5] (ii) Explain the nature of the airflows that might cause this seasonal weather variation. [8] (b) Draw a diagram to illustrate the monsoon related hazard known as a storm surge. [4] syn (c) With reference to a national or regional scale case study, discuss the social and economic impact of: (i) the late arrival of the summer monsoon; (ii) the problems of river flooding and storm surges. A2G1W7 2628 6 [8] [10] [Turn over THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER A2G1W7 2628 7 S 9/06 2100 9-002-1 8 [Turn over ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2007 Geography Assessment Unit A2 1 assessing Module 4: Physical Processes and Human Interactions [A2G11] MONDAY 8 JANUARY, AFTERNOON RESOURCE BOOKLET A2G1W7 2628.02 RESOURCE 1A BLESSINGTON LAKES Blessington is situated just 40 km from Dublin City. Set in the Wicklow Mountains, the Blessington Lakes cover approximately 200 hectares. The Lakes are a reservoir, formed 50 years ago by the building of the Poulaphouca Dam and hydroelectric power station on the River Liffey. The Lakes have transformed the area in terms of scenic beauty and provide a host of water sports. Ballyknochan is a remote village beside Blessington Lakes, with spectacular walks overlooking the reservoir. Source: Adapted from Wicklow County Tourism Holiday Magazine 2005 RESOURCE 1B ROAD SIGNAGE NEAR BALLYKNOCHAN, BLESSINGTON LAKES Source: Principal Examiner A2G1W7 2628.02 2 [Turn over RESOURCE 2A INFORMATION BOARD, MAGILLIGAN, COUNTY LONDONDERRY Source: Principal Examiner RESOURCE 2B SCRAMBLER TRACKS ON FOREDUNES NEAR TO INFORMATION BOARD, MAGILLIGAN, COUNTY LONDONDERRY Source: Principal Examiner A2G1W7 2628.02 3 [Turn over RESOURCE 3 NEW HIGHWAY THREATENS PERU S TAMBOPATA NATIONAL RESERVE Puerto Maldonado, Peru. Flying into this frontier town, the endless unbroken expanse of brilliant green rainforest suddenly opens into a vast wasteland. The giant scar across the earth is 10 000 mercury-poisoned hectares of red, orange, brown, yellow, and grey sediments and waste along Huaypetue River. It is the legacy of unregulated gold dredging by 15 000 miners on land owned by the powerless and vulnerable Amarakaire Indians. The toxic landscape hints at a possible future for the nearby Tambopata National Reserve in southern Peru. This is one of the richest terrestrial and freshwater areas for biodiversity in the midst of the Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot. The Inter-Oceanic highway provides a direct commercial link from the Brazilian Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean and threatens to have an enormous environmental and social impact. Brazil has completed the road to the Peru Brazil border north of here, and engineers are poised to finish the Peruvian portion of this $800 million transcontinental route by 2007. Concerned conservation organisations cannot halt this project, which is designed to give Brazilian exporters direct access to Pacific ports and, thus, to Asia s lucrative markets. It is also expected to open up Brazil s vast consumer base to Peruvian manufacturers. Conservationists try to influence government officials to reduce the highway s environmental impacts on sensitive areas like national parks, important habitats, vulnerable freshwater sources, and other areas of critical biodiversity value. However, the long-term challenge is to prevent the kind of exploitation of Peru s land and natural resources that has occurred throughout the Brazilian Amazon. New roads there have opened up vast areas of virgin territory to unplanned settlements, unregulated extractive industries, and widespread lawlessness. Forest burning, unsustainable logging, destructive mining, spontaneous development, and vast soybean plantations that exploit and destroy water resources and wildlife habitats have followed Brazil s new highways and now loom as likely threats for Peru. Opening up the southern Peruvian Amazon is also expected to attract large numbers of migrants looking for new opportunities as the region becomes accessible. Source: Adapted from an article at www.conservation.org/ A2G1W7 2628.02 4 [Turn over RESOURCE 4 THE RELATIVE COVERAGE AND PROJECTED LOSS OF TROPICAL FORESTS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 120 W 90 W 60 W 30 W North Atlantic Ocean Colombia Mexico Venezuela Equador South Pacific Ocean 30 N 0 Peru Bolivia Brazil Total area of country 30 S Area of closed forest Projected area of deforestation by 2017 0 A2G1W7 2628.02 2000km 5 [Turn over RESOURCE 5 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ON THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Expanding nuclear energy instead of green energy could save billions Building a new generation of nuclear power stations would be a much cheaper way of meeting the UK s ambitious targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions than persisting with an expansion of renewable energy, according to research published today. The analysis, by the economics consultancy Oxera, claims that expansion of renewable energy will cost 12 billion more in net present value terms than relying on conventional fossil-fuelled generation. If the UK opted instead for a new nuclear power programme, the equivalent figure would be 4.4 billion. The figure for nuclear power, however, does not include the cost of public liability insurance. The Government has set a target of reducing the UK s carbon emissions by 60 per cent by 2050 and producing 20 per cent of the country s electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The Government is also preparing to seek backing for the construction of up to 10 nuclear power stations. However, Oxera calculates that by 2025, the UK will be running 40 to 60 per cent short of its carbon reduction targets, unless there is a bigger shift away from fossil fuel electricity generation than is currently envisaged. Oxera s management consultant said: At the moment, the two options available are increasing the amount of nuclear-generated energy or increasing renewables at the taxpayer s expense neither of which will be popular. From the point of view of the taxpayer, nuclear energy may be a strong contender, given its costs relative to wind power. Source: Adapted from an article in THE INDEPENDENT, 25 April 2005, by M. Harrison A2G1W7 2628.02 6 [Turn over RESOURCE 6 THE CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS TO THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT, ACID RAIN, PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG AND THE DEPLETION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 55% carbon dioxide CO2 6% ACID RAIN sulphur dioxide SO2 nitrogen dioxide NO2 15% hydrocarbons e.g. methane CH4 24% chlorofluorocarbons CFCs PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG DEPLETION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE O3 Key: Environmental Outcomes Atmospheric Pollutants Source: adapted from Ecology: Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition, Chapman and Reiss, Cambridge University Press 2003 A2G1W7 2628.02 7 [Turn over RESOURCE 7 DISTRIBUTION OF OCEAN TRENCHES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE ASIA Aleutian Trench Kurile Trench NORTH AMERICA Japan Trench Tropic of Cancer Philippine Trench Marianas Trench Central America Trench Pacific Ocean Equator Bougainville Trench Java (Sunda) Trench SOUTH AMERICA Tonga Trench Tropic of Capricorn AUSTRALIA Peru - Chile Trench Kermadec Trench N Ocean trench Volcano A2G1W7 2628.02 0 8 2000km [Turn over RESOURCE 8 WINTER AND SUMMER MONSOON PRECIPITATION TOTALS, KOREAN PENINSULA, S.E. ASIA December, January, February 40 N June, July, August Area of main map China Plateau of Tibet 42 N 42 N 40 N 40 N 20N 100 E 120 E Sea of Japan Sea of Japan 38 N 38 N Yellow Sea Yellow Sea Rainfall (mm) 36 N 0 124 E 500 - 699 100km 126 E 128 E 300 - 499 124 E 100 - 299 <100 A2G1W7 2628.02 36 N >700 9 0 126 E 128 E 100km 130 E BLANK PAGE A2G1W7 2628.02 10 [Turn over BLANK PAGE A2G1W7 2628.02 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. S 9/06 2100 9-003-1

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