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GCE MAY 2010 : (A2 1) Human Inteactions and Global Issues - Revised

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Sp N ec e i w ca tio n ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2010 Geography assessing Human Interactions and Global Issues AG211 Assessment Unit A2 1 [AG211] FRIDAY 21 MAY, MORNING TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Answer three questions. Section A: answer two questions, one from each of the optional units you have studied. Section B: answer one question from this section. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 90. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. You are strongly recommended to read through and consider the questions before choosing those you are going to answer. This paper is accompanied by a Resource Booklet. 5173 SECTION A Option A: Impact of Population Change 1 (a) What does barrier mean when used in the context of migration? Give an example. [3] (b) Study Resources 1A 1D (pages 2 and 3 of the Resource Booklet) on migration within Asia, which show that on the same day in 2008 the Bangkok Post newspaper carried articles on Burmese immigration into Thailand and Thai emigration to Taiwan. (i) Outline the two international migration streams referred to in the Resources and explain how they might be related. [4] (ii) Use the Resources to discuss the benefits and problems associated with migration. [8] (c) With reference to global contrasts, explain the factors that influence fertility and mortality. 2 [15] (a) With reference to global contrasts, explain what is meant by the epidemiological transition. [5] (b) Study Resource 2 (page 4 of the Resource Booklet) on fertility in Japan. What aspects of: (i) government policy; and (ii) Japanese culture are limiting the promotion of fertility in Japan? [10] (c) With reference to your two small-scale case studies, explain the implications of migration for economic activity and social stability. 5173 2 [15] [Turn over Option B: Planning for Sustainable Settlements 3 (a) Distinguish between redevelopment, regeneration and restoration with reference to urban conservation. [6] (b) Study Resources 3A and 3B (page 5 of the Resource Booklet) which relate to brownfield developments in Canada. With reference to the Resources, discuss the benefits and problems of brownfield developments. (c) Describe the traffic management strategies of a city you have studied and evaluate their success. 4 (a) Briefly explain the concept of sustainable development. [9] [15] [5] (b) Study Resources 4A 4D (pages 6 and 7 of the Resource Booklet) which deal with the response to Local Agenda 21 of Calvi , a district on the tourist island of Mallorca, Spain. With reference to the Resources, assess the impact of Local Agenda 21 on planning for sustainability. [10] (c) With reference to any three items from the list below, explain how they have affected land use and planning in your small-scale case study. Management of residential areas Re-use of industrial areas Retail change Leisure areas Urban conservation 5173 [15] 3 [Turn over Option C: Issues in Ethnic Diversity 5 (a) Discuss one social and one economic impact that can result from ethnic conflict. [6] (b) Study Resource 5 (page 8 of the Resource Booklet) relating to the resolution of ethnic conflict in Kenya, which is a pluralist society. Use the Resource to help you explain how pluralism maintains ethnic diversity. [9] (c) With reference to your case study, discuss the processes that have created ethnic diversity in any one country. [15] 6 (a) Briefly explain the role of international intervention and peace processes in responding to ethnic conflict. [6] (b) Study Resources 6A 6C (pages 10 and 11 of the Resource Booklet) relating to census information on selected ethnic groups in the UK. With reference to the Resources, describe the economic, social and spatial outcomes that have arisen in this ethnically diverse society. [9] (c) Explain how ethnic identity is related to any two primary and any two secondary factors. You must make reference to places in your answer. 5173 4 [15] [Turn over SECTION B Global Issues Answer one question from this section 7 [4] (b) With reference to your primary data collection relating to air pollution, state the aim(s) of your investigation and explain what the results show. [6] (c) MEDCs must bear responsibility for addressing the issue of climate change, so that the development of LEDCs is not curtailed. Justify the extent to which you agree with this statement. 8 (a) Briefly discuss why there are problems in defining pollution. [20] (a) Briefly describe the medical uses of nuclear energy. [4] (b) With reference to your primary data collection relating to nuclear energy, state the aim(s) of your investigation and explain what the results show. [6] (c) Nuclear energy provides the solution to pollution in the British Isles and other places. Justify the extent to which you agree with this statement. [20] 5173 5 [Turn over 9 (a) Briefly discuss one beneficial impact of agribusiness. [4] (b) With reference to your primary data collection relating to agricultural change, state the aim(s) of your investigation and explain what the results show. [6] (c) With reference to your regional scale case study, evaluate the attempts to manage the negative environmental consequences of agricultural change. [20] 10 (a) Briefly explain the concept of pleasure periphery. [4] (b) In relation to your investigation of tourism and its management, outline one of the conclusions reached and explain how this has increased your understanding of this topic. [6] (c) Ecotourism is the most sustainable form of tourism management. With reference to examples, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. 5173 6 [20] [Turn over THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 1847-044-1 8 [Turn over Sp N ec e if w ca tio n ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2010 Geography Assessment Unit A2 1 Human Interactions and Global Issues [AG211] FRIDAY 21 MAY, MORNING RESOURCE BOOKLET 5173.02 AG211 assessing RESOURCE 1A MAP OF SOUTH EAST ASIA Bhutan Taipei India China Bangladesh TAIWAN US$ 30,100 MYANMAR (Burma) US$ 1,900 Yangon Laos Philippines THAILAND US$ 8,000 Bangkok Vietnam Cambodia Ranong Province N Malaysia Singapore 500km GDPpc 2007 US$ 1,900 GDP per capita 2007 International boundary Malaysia International boundary National capital National capital Indonesia RESOURCE 1B ILLEGAL BURMESE MIGRANTS TO THAILAND The death of 54 Burmese migrants in Ranong province last W ednesday was further proof of the Thai government s failure to deal with the longstanding problem of illegal foreign labour . The 54 victims suffocated in the back of a sealed truck as they were being smuggled by trafficking gangs into Thailand from Burma. We can see these migrants in factories, small shops and even in households, where they are hired as housemaids and gardeners. Factory owners always say that they need foreign labour because most Thais no longer want to work as labourers. The Labour Ministry must look into the recruitment of migrant workers and ensure that they are fairly treated. The rights of migrant workers must be protected in our country . Source: adapted from the Bangkok Post editorial, 14 April 2008 5173.02 2 [Turn over RESOURCE 1C TAIWAN PARTY A HIT WITH THAI WORKERS A Songkran (Thai New Year) party in Taiwan yesterday drew more than 20 000 Thai workers who wanted to get together, get wet (see Resource 1D) and leave their lonely life behind on Thai New Year s Day. I have to live with my loneliness to make money for my family . I call my parents in Thailand very often and also phone other Thai care workers here for advice , said Thongla Pramongmuk, who works in elderly care in Taiwan and was excited to meet other Thai migrants. At the party organised by the Thailand Trade and Economic Office, the Taipei Labour Office and the local municipality at the city s football stadium the workers worshipped and sprinkled water on a Buddha statue. The local governor thanked Thai workers for their contribution to Taiwan s prosperity and the Thai Labour Minister, invited to the event, told the migrants to work hard for their families back home in Thailand. The Taiwan Labour Office offered free medical and dental treatment to Thai migrant workers. The key attraction, however, was a draw for a mobile phone and a prepaid card. A Taiwanese official said mobile phones had become important to Thai migrants so they could keep in touch with their families, but that some had run into trouble by obtaining phones illegally. The Post Publishing Co Ltd - Adapted from Taiwan Party a Hit with Thai Workers, Bangkok Post, 14 April 2008 RESOURCE 1D SONGKRAN FESTIVAL IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2008 The Post Publishing Co Ltd - Adapted from Taiwan Party a Hit with Thai Workers, Bangkok Post, 14 April 2008 What the Thai migrants to Taiwan are missing: the fun of the Songkran festival in Bangkok, where children celebrate by throwing water at passing cars and pedestrians, even the Chief Examiner. 5173.02 3 [Turn over RESOURCE 2 FERTILITY IN JAPAN Fertility: Japan s Total Fertility Rate in 2004 was 1.29 children per woman; average age of first marriage was 29.8 for men and 28.0 for women. Pro-natalist policies: family allowances; maternity leave of 14 weeks at 60% of wages; parental leave of one year at 40% of wages, job protected [in theory]; funding for childcare; tax benefits for dependent spouse and children. Issues: insufficient supply of licensed childcare; workers with full-time jobs find that: demands of jobs, including commuting, overtime and expected after-hours socialising usually exceed opening hours of childcare centres; supervisors expect pregnant workers to quit, the Japanese ethos being that good workers do not take time of f; a long hours work culture which, including commuting, leaves little time for men to help with childrearing or housework; childrearing is perceived as a serious obligation which includes helping children with studies and extracurricular activities; traditionally women join their husband s family with the expectation that they will obey their mother-in-law and care for in-laws in their old age; as more women attend university and pursue a career , there is a disincentive to marry and have children; many women now live with parents into their 30s rent free, with somebody to do the chores whilst earning enough to travel and enjoy life. Tokyo street scene: busy people and few children Source: adapted from Patricia Boling (2008) Demography, culture and policy: understanding Japan s low fertility , Population and Development Review, 34.2, pp. 307 326. Photograph: Chief Examiner 5173.02 4 [Turn over RESOURCE 3A BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA Positive Factors Many brownfield sites are in prime areas for revitalisation Potential socio-economic regeneration Improvement of environment Job creation and economic benefits Increased tax base for cities Limits urban sprawl Reduction of health risks, once contamination removed New housing opportunities Infrastructural improvements Negative Factors Brownfield sites often concentrated in large areas such as old ports or industrial districts Expensive to redevelop Visual blight taints image of area Health risks from working on site Illegal dumping etc may have caused problems to site High costs of cleaning up sites Source: Adapted from material in Christopher A. de Sousa (2006) Urban brownfields redevelopment in Canada: the role of local government , The Canadian Geographer/Le G ographe canadien, 50.3, pp. 392 407. RESOURCE 3B VARIOUS STAGES OF BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT IN HARBOUR AREA, TORONTO, CANADA Photograph: Chief Examiner 5173.02 5 [Turn over RESOURCE 4A CALVI : LOCAL AGENDA 21 Calvi is a local government district in Mallorca. Troubled by insensitive building and environmental destruction associated with mass market tourism and needing to refresh its image, in 1999 Calvi published a plan, The sustainability of a tourist municipality , under Local Agenda 21. In the succeeding ten years Calvi council has: 1. demolished or renovated unsightly and outdated hotels (Resource 4B); 2. rejuvenated the tourism infrastructure; 3. improved townscapes (Resource 4C); 4. established green zones ( zona verde) to protect and provide open space (Resource 4D); 5. established marine reserves; 6. rejected proposals for hundreds of hectares of new projects, to the dismay of developers; 7. started an environmental education programme; 8. established public forums on environmental planning. Sources: Adapted from Ajuntament de Calvi , Calvi : Local Agenda 21: the sustainability of a tourist municipality and Calvi : Local Agenda 21: sustainable development in ageing resort areas Ajuntament de Calvi : Calvi . RESOURCE 4B PALMA NOVA 1990: AN AGEING RESORT WITHIN CALVI 5173.02 6 [Turn over RESOURCE 4C THE RESORT OF SANTA PONSA WITHIN CALVI , 2008 RESOURCE 4D GREEN ZONE IN PALMA NOVA, 2008 Note. The sign forbids littering and dumping of rubbish Photographs: Chief Examiner 5173.02 7 [Turn over RESOURCE 5 RESOLUTION OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN KENYA In January 2008, a Peace Deal was agreed in Kenya bringing to an end weeks of serious ethnic conflict in what had been a fairly stable country . Kenya is made up of many different tribal or ethnic groups and there has always been mutual distrust amongst them. For the first thirty years after independence Kenya was ef fectively a one party state and the leadership was mostly from the Kikuyu group and many Kenyans believed that the government was biased in favour of this group. In the 1990s, the ruling party allowed multi-party politics following international pressure and internal unrest. However, the opposition party failed to win an election until 2002. Unfortunately, corruption and favouritism remained. In the December 2007 elections, the opposition party led by Mr Raila Odinga, from the Luo tribe, but commanding the support of the Kalenjins, was deemed to have won the election but the ruling president, a Kikuyu, refused initially to concede defeat. This apparent rigging of the election resulted in serious ethnic conflict. This violence, largely involving the Kikuyu and Kalenjin, resulted in more than 1500 deaths and some 250 000 refugees, as rival ethnic groups carried out ethnic cleansing. The violence captured widespread Sudan attention from the international Ethiopia Lake community and a peace deal for Turkana Kenya was worked out. Under the a greement t he t wo m ain Uganda contenders in the disputed election would share power, with President K E N YA Mwai Kibaki remaining in power and the opposition leader, Mr Odinga, as Prime Minister Cabinet Lake . Victoria posts in the new government have been divided evenly . There Nairobi are two deputy prime ministers, one from each party . To date, the peace deal seems to have been Ethnic Groups Kikuyu 20% Kalenjin 11% a success but the bitter memories Luo 14% Kamba 11% of the atrocities carried out by the Luhya 13% Others 31% rival ethnic groups may be dif ficult to forgive and forget. N Somalia Tanzania INDIAN OCEAN 200km Adapted from BBC News @bbc.co.uk/news http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1024563.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7165962.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/i/hi/world/africa/7165962.stm#map 5173.02 8 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Resources continue overleaf) 5173.02 9 [Turn over RESOURCE 6A UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ETHNIC GROUPS IN BRITAIN, 2004 Males Females White British White Irish Mixed Indian Pakistani Black Caribbean Chinese 0 5 10 Percentage unemployed 15 20 RESOURCE 6B AGE PROFILE FOR SELECTED ETHNIC GROUPS IN BRIT AIN, 2001 Age Group Under 16 16 64 65 and over White British White Irish Mixed Indian Pakistani Black Caribbean Chinese 0 5173.02 20 40 10 60 Percentage 80 100 [Turn over RESOURCE 6C REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NON-WHITE POPULATION IN THE UK, 2001 North East North West Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands East London South East South West Wales Scotland Northern Ireland 0 10 20 30 40 Percentage of total non-white population 50 Crown Copyright http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=462 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=456 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=457 5173.02 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for . In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 1847-044-2

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