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GCE JAN 2008 : (A2 2) Processes and Issues in Human Geography

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ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2008 Geography assessing Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography A2G21 Assessment Unit A2 2 [A2G21] MONDAY 14 JANUARY, MORNING TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Answer two questions. Answer one question from each of the two optional units you have studied. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 70. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. You are strongly recommended to read through and consider the questions before choosing those you are going to answer. This paper is accompanied by a Resource Booklet. A2G2W8 3562 Unit A: Impact of Population Change 1 (a) Study Resources 1A and 1B (pages 2 and 3 of the Resource Booklet) which relate to migration to Canada. (i) Does the information in Column D of Resource 1A show gross or net migration? Explain your answer. [3] (ii) What graphical technique would you choose to plot the information in Columns B and C of Resource 1A? Justify your choice. (Do not draw a graph.) [3] (iii) Using the Resources to help you, explain the implications that migration has for economic activity in both the area of origin and the area of destination. [10] (b) Why do migration streams rarely contain a representative cross-section of the population of their area of origin? [4] (c) With reference to your small-scale case studies of both out-migration and in-migration, explain the impact of migration upon population size and distribution. [15] 2 (a) Study Resources 2A 2D (pages 4 and 5 of the Resource Booklet) which detail natural increase and net migration for the European Union, 2004 2005 and show migrants in Cyprus. (i) Why would a line graph have been an inappropriate technique to display the data on Resource 2A? [3] (ii) Use Resource 2A to help you explain the interaction between births, deaths and migration in causing population change. [5] (iii) Resource 2A indicates that Cyprus has one of the highest rates of immigration in the EU. Resources 2B and 2C show Asian women in the capital, Nicosia. Resource 2D locates the run-down border zone of this divided city where the photographs were taken. 1. What are the probable reasons for these women having travelled so far to live in a poor part of Nicosia? [8] 2. What barriers to migration might they have had to overcome? [4] (b) Evaluate the success of either two national fertility policies or two national migration policies. [15] A2G2W8 3562 2 [Turn over Unit B: Issues in Ethnic Diversity 3 (a) Study Resources 3A and 3B (pages 6 and 7 of the Resource Booklet) relating to recent ethnic tensions in Thailand. (i) Identify and briefly discuss one primary and one secondary factor that identifies the ethnicity of the population of southern Thailand. [6] (ii) Use the Resources to help you discuss the importance of discrimination and territorial disputes as causes of ethnic conflict. (b) Explain how ethnic identity is related to either gender or caste. [10] [4] (c) With reference to your national case study of ethnic conflict in a MEDC: 4 explain the causes of the conflict; discuss the outcomes and responses to the conflict. [15] (a) Study Resource 4 (page 8 of the Resource Booklet) relating to ethnicity in British cities. (i) Resource 4 deals with segregation in British cities. Use the Resource to help you explain how and why such segregation can come about. [8] (ii) The chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality claims that action is needed to promote integration to preserve peace between the different racial groups. Briefly discuss the extent to which you agree with this viewpoint. [4] (b) Explain how each of the following can lead to ethnic conflict: historical animosities; human rights abuses. [8] (c) With reference to case study material, discuss the processes that have increased ethnic diversity in a colonial power and in a LEDC colony. [15] A2G2W8 3562 3 [Turn over Unit C: Planning for Sustainable Settlements 5 (a) In terms of planning, explain the distinctions between new and expanded settlements. [4] (b) Explain how and why green belts and stop lines operate to restrict the size and extent of settlements. [8] (c) Study Resources 5A 5D (pages 10 and 11 of the Resource Booklet) which deal with protected land in Malta. (i) Identify another graphical technique that could be used effectively to present the data in Resource 5C and explain your choice. [3] (ii) Why do you think the government of Malta has sought to protect such a large proportion of the nation s land area? [5] (iii) Use the Resources and your own national scale case study to show the effectiveness of national legislation in promoting sustainability. [15] 6 (a) Study Resource 6A (page 12 of the Resource Booklet), which is a street scene in Copenhagen, Denmark. What evidence is in the Resource to suggest that Copenhagen s traffic and transport policy is sustainable and successful? [5] (b) Study Resources 6B and 6C (page 13 of the Resource Booklet) which are taken from a book by Oscar Newman, who originally introduced the concept of Defensible Space in the 1970s. (i) The extract (Resource 6B) indicates that Newman thought that Defensible Space would be beneficial in social terms. Discuss the extent to which you feel his views are realistic. [6] (ii) The book s cover (Resource 6C) shows that one way of creating Defensible Space is by erecting barriers. Outline three other strategies that could complement Defensible Space in planning for sustainability within residential areas. [9] (c) With reference to your small-scale study, explain why traffic management strategies had to be adopted and evaluate their success. [15] A2G2W8 3562 4 [Turn over Unit D: The Changing Nature of Economic Activity 7 (a) Study Resources 7A 7D (pages 14 and 15 of the Resource Booklet) relating to tourist issues in Normandy. (i) Use the Resources to help you discuss the positive and negative impacts of tourism on a region. [8] (ii) Explain how a flow line map would be used to show the tourist flows to Deauville. [3] (b) Explain how tourism can be managed to promote sustainability. [9] (c) With reference to your local/regional scale case study of agricultural change: 8 describe the change that has occurred; discuss the social and environmental impacts of this change. [15] (a) Study Resources 8A and 8B (page 16 of the Resource Booklet) relating to changes in manufacturing industry in the UK. (i) Describe and suggest reasons for the changes revealed on both graphs. [8] (ii) Discuss the positive and negative social and economic impacts these changes may have had on industrial regions in the UK. [6] (b) Explain how and why multinational corporations achieve vertical integration in their operations. [6] (c) With reference to your regional or national scale case study of tourism change: A2G2W8 3562 describe how tourism has changed; discuss the impacts of this change. [15] 5 THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER A2G2W8 3562 6 [Turn over A2G2S7 2641 7 [Turn over S 6/07 302-042-1 8 [Turn over ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2008 Geography Assessment Unit A2 2 assessing Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography [A2G21] MONDAY 14 JANUARY, MORNING RESOURCE BOOKLET A2G2W8 3562.02 RESOURCE 1A CANADIAN POPULATION AND MIGRATION STATISTICS, 1931 2001 Year A Population B Immigration in previous decade C D Emigration in Contribution to previous decade population growth 1931 10 376 700 1 200 000 970 000 230 000 1941 11 506 700 149 000 241 000 92 000 1951 14 009 400 548 000 379 000 169 000 1961 18 238 200 1 543 000 463 000 1 080 000 1971 21 962 082 1 429 000 707 000 722 000 1981 24 820 382 1 429 000 636 000 793 000 1991 28 030 864 1 381 000 490 000 891 000 2001 31 081 887 2 229 125 407 180 1 821 945 Source: adapted from R. Beaujot (2002) Effect of immigration on demographic structure, Discussion Paper 02 09, Population Studies Centre, University of Western Ontario A2G2W8 3562.02 2 [Turn over RESOURCE 1B ARE WE READY FOR MORE IMMIGRANTS? Later this month, the Canadian federal government is expected to unveil its immigration policy. At its centre will be a strategy to allow up to 320 000 immigrants into the country each year, 100 000 more than current levels. The Federal Immigration Minister s new immigration policy fails to match the realities facing immigrants who can t find employment. Jane Cullingworth, executive director of Skills for Change, a Toronto agency that works with newcomers, tries to help new immigrants find work. Accountants, social workers, healthcare professionals, experts in information technology and engineers some 9000 a year all come to her office looking for a new start in their adopted land. Their average age is 33, they ve been in the country less than a year. The agency offers help such as job-search workshops and intensive courses to upgrade skills and improve language. We want to make sure that accountants are in the accounting field, engineers are in the engineering field; they need help getting connected to their profession. An opposition politician reported, One immigrant described it as false advertising. The Canadian government lied to us. They said we like your skills, your background , but when we came here we weren t allowed to use them. When immigrants are allowed into Canada, in large part because of impressive education or job skills, they naturally believe that they ll be able to get a job in that area. Cullingworth agrees that Toronto has the best-educated taxi drivers, skilled immigrants who can t get a job in their profession in Canada s largest city. Source: adapted from Newfoundland and Labrador Independent, 16 October 2005 A2G2W8 3562.02 3 [Turn over RESOURCE 2A POPULATION CHANGE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 2004 2005 25 rate of growth (per 1000) 20 Net migration Natural change 15 10 5 0 -5 Latvia Hungary Poland Germany Czech Republic Finland Greece Sweden Austria France UK Portugal Italy Ireland Spain Cyprus -10 Source: adapted from Raymer, J. (2006) Population change in the EU , Geography Review, 19.3, pp. 2 5 RESOURCE 2B ASIAN WOMEN LEAVING A CATHOLIC MARONITE CHURCH IN CENTRAL NICOSIA, 2006 Source: The Chief Examiner A2G2W8 3562.02 4 [Turn over RESOURCE 2C MIGRANTS OUTSIDE A WESTERN UNION OFFICE, CENTRAL NICOSIA, 2006 Source: The Chief Examiner RESOURCE 2D MAP OF CENTRAL NICOSIA Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (predominantly Muslim) Maronite Church Cyprus (predominantly Greek Orthodox) Border between Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Cyprus N Main route Bastions and walls Open space 500 metres Source: drawn from widely available sources A2G2W8 3562.02 5 [Turn over RESOURCE 3A ETHNIC TENSIONS IN THAILAND Thailand s minority Muslim community, who make up about 4% of the total population, live almost exclusively in the country s southern provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani, Songhkla and Yala. There have been tensions between them and the government in Bangkok for decades. Thailand s Muslims often complain of discrimination and claim they are at a disadvantage compared to the country s Buddhist majority. This resentment has occasionally led to clashes with the authorities. In January 2004, a wave of attacks sparked increased violence in the south, resulting in 1500 deaths. There is an increasing suspicion amongst the Thai authorities that Islamic separatists, perhaps allied to international militant groups, are behind the attacks. The southern provinces where the Muslims live were originally part of the ancient Kingdom of Pattani, a semi-autonomous Malay region that adopted Islam in the mid-13th century. Thailand annexed the region in 1902, but the people living there had and still do have far more in common with their neighbours in Malaysia. They speak Yawi, a Malay dialect, and most importantly they are Muslims, abiding by Islamic rules and restrictions. Increasingly estranged from the Bangkok government, Muslim separatists began an insurgency in the 1970s. The violence eventually died down in the 1990s, but only after the government promised to channel more funds into the region and ensure the Muslim community adequate political representation. Since the violence began again in 2004, there have been frequent incidents in which figures of authority including police officers, teachers and Buddhist monks have been targeted by Muslim gunmen. The most serious incident happened on 28 April 2005, when hundreds of suspected Islamic militants launched a series of raids on security posts in the region. More than 100 of the poorly armed militants later died in custody, and there was international concern over the degree of force used by security personnel. The Thai government continues to insist that most of the attacks in the south can be attributed to local criminals. However, it seems evident that organised Islamic separatist groups are playing at least some part in the violence. A peaceful coup in Thailand in September 2006 brought some hope that the new regime might have more success in dealing with this growing ethnic conflict. Source: adapted from news items published on the BBC news website 2005 and 2006 A2G2W8 3562.02 6 [Turn over RESOURCE 3B MAP OF THAILAND LOCATING THE FOUR PROVINCES WITH A MUSLIM MAJORITY BANGKOK CA MB OD Thailand IA Area of main map 1000km Gulf of Thailand MYANMAR International Boundary Provincial Boundary National capital TH Province name Provinces with a Muslim majority AI LA Strait of Malacca Yala N D N Songkhla Pattani Yala Narathiwat 100km MALAYSIA Source: drawn from widely available sources A2G2W8 3562.02 7 [Turn over RESOURCE 4 ETHNICITY IN BRITISH CITIES Professor Ted Cantle, one of the British government s senior advisers on race relations, has criticised some communities for being unhealthily all-white . He suggests that people from ethnic minorities in some parts of the country might not feel safe and secure living near predominantly white communities. In particular, he expressed concern over the strength of support for the far right British National Party (BNP) in some all-white communities. Where there is such support for the BNP there is usually an increase in hostility towards the nonwhite population, according to Professor Cantle. In his 2001 report on race riots in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham, he identified communities living parallel lives that often do not seem to touch at any point, let alone overlap and promote meaningful exchanges . In particular he highlighted the polarisation of ethnic communities who lead separate lives, with different schools, estates and social lives. They have created their cultural niches within towns and cities and all their needs are met in this enclosed niche . For this reason such neighbourhoods became no-go areas for those of a different ethnicity. At that time, one in four primary schools in Bradford was more than 70% Asian, while half were totally white. Cantle opposed single-faith and mono-cultural schools, but government ministers ignored this advice. In recent times, however, the government has shown a willingness to reconsider the issue of such schools. In 2005, Trevor Philips, chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, warned that Britain might be sleepwalking to segregation . Professor Cantle s description of parts of the country as unhealthily all-white , appeared to place the blame for ethnic tensions on the white community. Brian Lucas, a Labour councillor for an area that is predominantly white, denied that such communities posed any threat to the safety of black or other ethnic communities. When asked about his views on attempts to integrate communities he said: I m a believer in people choosing where they live and not being pushed, guided or forced into an area. Adapted from an article "Too white towns are labelled unhealthy" by David Leppard and Graham Hind The Sunday Times 22 April 2008 A2G2W8 3562.02 8 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Resources continue overleaf) A2G2W8 3562.02 9 [Turn over RESOURCE 5A PROTECTED LAND IN MALTA The Mediterranean island nation of Malta is one of the smallest countries in Europe at 316 km2. Malta has little fresh water and limited agricultural land (only about 3% of the land area is under crops), and traditionally made its living from its strategic location between Africa and Europe. It was an important port, ship repair centre and naval base, especially during its period as a British colony from 1814 to 1964. Since independence, its economy has diversified into financial services, manufacturing and tourism. With 400 000 people it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Malta has a high proportion of protected land when compared to the European average (Resource 5C). Some of the local people, however, would dispute the effectiveness of Malta s protected land policies and in one newspaper in 2006 there was an amusing column celebrating the supposed discovery of a piece of open space. This newspaper is campaigning to try and restrict the growth of settlement, which is putting increasing pressure on the rural areas of Malta archipelago. Source: The Chief Examiner RESOURCE 5B MAP OF MALTA Settlement Mediterranean Sea St Paul s Bay Valletta Medina N Luqa Airport 0 3km Source: drawn from readily available sources A2G2W8 3562.02 10 [Turn over RESOURCE 5C PROTECTED LAND IN MALTA AND EUROPE percentage total land area protected 14 12 Malta 10 Europe 8 6 4 2 0 Categories I and II Categories III, IV and V Category VI and Unclassified Areas Categories I and II Nature Reserves, Wilderness Areas and National Parks Categories III, IV and V Natural Monuments, Species Management Areas, Protected Landscapes and Seascapes Categories VI and other Areas Managed for Sustainable Use and Unclassified Areas Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_470.pdf RESOURCE 5D VIEW LOOKING EAST FROM MEDINA TO THE HEAVILY URBANISED EAST OF MALTA Source: The Chief Examiner, 2006 A2G2W8 3562.02 11 [Turn over A2G2W8 3562.02 12 [Turn over CENTRAL COPENHAGEN, 2006 RESOURCE 6A Source: The Chief Examiner, 2006 RESOURCE 6B DEFENSIBLE SPACE PRINCIPLES: THE CONCEPT Defensible Space relies on self-help rather than on government intervention, and so it is not vulnerable to government s withdrawal of support. It depends on resident involvement to reduce crime and remove the presence of criminals. It has the ability to bring people of different incomes and race together in a mutually beneficial union. For low-income people, Defensible Space can provide an introduction to the benefits of mainstream life and an opportunity to see how their own actions can better the world around them and lead to upward mobility. Extract from Creating Defensible Space by Oscar Newman, 1996 Excerpt from a report "Creating Defensible Space" by Oscar Newman, 1996 originally published by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, and is reproduced here with the Department's permission. RESOURCE 6C THE COVER OF CREATING DEFENSIBLE SPACE, BY OSCAR NEWMAN Image from the cover of a report "Creating Defensible Space" by Oscar Newman, 1996 originally published by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, and is reproduced here with the Department's permission. A2G2W8 3562.02 13 [Turn over RESOURCE 7A TOURIST DEVELOPMENT IN NORMANDY The rich citizens of Deauville (Normandy, France) are campaigning to keep low-cost airlines and hordes of unkempt tourists out of the chic seaside resort of Deauville. With its casino, designer shops, racecourse and international film festival, Deauville has always attracted wealthy French tourists, but some residents fear that easy access for British budget travellers will lower the tone. Christiane Celice, a retired antiques dealer, is heading an association battling to stop the budget airline, Ryanair, gaining planning permission to operate three flights a week between Stansted and Deauville. Deauville doesn t want low budget tourists, the sort of people who wear T-shirts and bring their own sandwiches to eat outside the casino said Christiane. Deauville is a magnet for tourists during the film festival, when many French visitors come in the hope of seeing some of the rich and famous actors and actresses. The fear for some is that the low cost airlines will bring huge numbers and the value of some homes in close proximity to the airport may fall. They also fear that further commercial developments to serve the influx of tourists will have a detrimental effect on the character of this quiet seaside resort. Not everyone opposes the budget airline developments, which according to Ryanair, would bring about 40 000 extra British tourists to Deauville. The mayor of Deauville sees tremendous economic potential for the town, which has a population of 4500, and few employment opportunities. These 40 000 tourists are going to spend money in our shops, restaurants, hotels, and bars. This will greatly benefit our economy, he said. A local gift shop owner also welcomed the development because she felt these new tourists were more likely to spend money in her shop. The celebrity visitors come only for the film festival, seclude themselves in their villas and spend little in local shops. A Deauville estate agent claims that house prices have risen in other parts of France when the number of tourists increased. He also claims that there are already some British tourists wishing to buy property in Deauville. The outcome of the legal challenge opposing Ryanair s plans is uncertain, but few in Deauville are indifferent to it. Adapted from an article"Normandy to fight Brit invasion" by Matthew Campbell in The Sunday Times 22 October 2006 A2G2W8 3562.02 14 [Turn over A2G2W8 3562.02 15 [Turn over RESOURCE 7C Channel Islands D Le Havre Deauville 50 km Rouen FRANCE N Source: drawn from readily available sources y Normand SH ENGLI Isle of Wight EL NN A CH LONDON Southampton A GL EN N Stansted Source: http://www.hippodrome-deauville-clairefontaine.com/images/3-presse/photo/hd/hor/39.jpg THE RACECOURSE AT DEAUVILLE RESOURCE 7D Source: http://guim.typepad.com/photos/deauville_fncf_2005/photo_012.html MAP OF FRANCE SHOWING NORMANDY AND DEAUVILLE International Boundary THE CASINO AT DEAUVILLE RESOURCE 7B RESOURCE 8A MANUFACTURING OUTPUT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1998 2000 Footwear Machine Tools Textiles Food & Drink Total Manufacturing Aircraft Pharmaceuticals Office Equipment & Computers Electrical & Optical Radio, TV Equipment -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 percent change in output 1998 - 2000 Source: adapted from www.tutor2u.net RESOURCE 8B TOTAL MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1998 2000 UK manufacturing employment (thousands) 4500 4450 4449 4400 4350 4300 4266 4250 4191 4200 4150 4100 4050 1998 1999 2000 Years Source: adapted from www.tutor2u.net A2G2W8 A2G2W8 3562.02 16 [Turn over THIS IS THE END OF THE RESOURCE BOOKLET A2G2W8 3562.02 17 [Turn over A2G2W8 3562.02 18 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. S 6/07 302-042-2

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Additional Info : # Gce Geography January 2008 Assessment Unit A2 2 Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography
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