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GCE JAN 2010 : (A2 2) Processes and Issues in Human Geography - revised

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1 2 3 4 5 6 ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2010 7 8 9 Geography 10 assessing 12 Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography 13 14 A2G21 Assessment Unit A2 2 11 [A2G21] 15 TUESDAY 26 JANUARY, MORNING 16 17 18 19 TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. 20 21 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 22 Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. 23 Answer two questions. Answer one question from each of the two optional units you have studied. 24 25 26 INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 70. 27 Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. 28 Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. 29 You are strongly recommended to read through and consider the questions before choosing those 30 you are going to answer. 31 This paper is accompanied by a Resource Booklet. 32 33 34 35 5174 Unit A: Impact of Population Change 1 (a) Study Resource 1A (page 2 of the Resource Booklet), which shows population trends in Northern Ireland between 1995 and 2006. (i) What is natural population change ? [2] (ii) Describe the trends shown on Resource 1A. [4] (b) Study Resource 1B (page 3 of the Resource Booklet), which details demographic transitions. (i) Sketch the demographic transition model and annotate it in appropriate places with the letters A, B and C from Resource 1B. [6] (ii) How does Resource 1B support the ideas about population sustainability proposed by Ester Boserup? [8] (c) Population policies may have negative impacts upon a society. Discuss this statement with reference to your two case studies of either national fertility policies or national migration policies. [15] 2 (a) Study Resources 2A and 2B (pages 4 5 of the Resource Booklet), which deal with fertility in Italy where the percentage of women choosing to remain childless has risen from 9% for those born in 1946 to 22% for those born in 1966. (i) Discuss the reasons given in Resource 2A for women voluntarily remaining childless. [6] (ii) Resource 2B demonstrates a variation in the potential success of four pro-natalist policies in Italy. Use the information shown in Resource 2B to help you explain this variation. [8] (b) With reference to places for illustration, distinguish between push and pull factors in decision-making for migration. [6] (c) How has migration impacted upon population size and distribution in your small-scale case studies of out-migration and in-migration? [15] 5174 2 [Turn over Unit B: Issues in Ethnic Diversity 3 (a) Study Resources 3A and 3B (page 6 of the Resource Booklet) relating to UK citizenship tests. (i) Resource 3A claims that these tests will promote greater integration of the ethnic communities into British society. Explain how the UK citizenship test policy might achieve this. [6] (ii) In your opinion, are the sample questions shown in Resource 3B an adequate test of people s preparedness to become British citizens ? Justify your answer. [4] (b) Identify and explain how any two processes might operate to maintain ethnic diversity in an urban area. [10] (c) With reference to your case study of a LEDC where ethnic conflict has occurred: 4 explain the causes of the conflict; and describe the outcomes and responses to that conflict. [15] (a) Study Resource 4 (page 7 of the Resource Booklet) relating to Chad. (i) Identify any two primary factors that define ethnicity in Chad and discuss their role in the conflicts described in Resource 4. [8] (ii) Discuss possible reasons for the outside intervention that this conflict has attracted. [4] (b) Explain how colonisation and migration can bring about increased ethnic diversity. [8] (c) Ethnic contact in plural societies has various outcomes. Discuss this statement with reference to: federalism; separation; conflict. You must make reference to examples in your answer. 5174 3 [15] [Turn over Unit C: Planning for Sustainable Settlements 5 (a) Study Resource 5A (page 8 of the Resource Booklet), which details an extensive brownfield development site in Sydney, a former steelmaking town in eastern Canada. (i) What evidence is there of good practices regarding the cleanup and redevelopment of this site? [4] (ii) How might this and other brownfield development sites be re-used in a way that emphasises sustainable development? [10] (b) Study Resources 5B 5D (page 9 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrate three modes of tracked transport within cities. Explain the contribution that such forms of public transport make to urban sustainability. [6] (c) There is increasing emphasis on sustainable development in planning policies and practices. Discuss this statement with reference to your two urban case studies. 6 (a) Study Resource 6A (page 10 of the Resource Booklet) which shows the part of Trafalgar Square in central London that has been pedestrianised. In what ways can pedestrianisation schemes of this nature benefit urban areas? [15] [5] (b) Study Resource 6B (page 11 of the Resource Booklet) on transport problems and policies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Use the Resource to help you discuss the way in which traffic management strategies attempt to address problems of urban transport. [10] (c) Why are some areas designated as protected land ? [5] (d) With reference to your national scale case study where sustainability is promoted effectively, evaluate the success of containment policies which restrict urban development. 5174 4 [15] [Turn over Unit D: The Changing Nature of Economic Activity 7 (a) Study Resource 7 (page 12 of the Resource Booklet) relating to world trends in tourism. (i) What graphical technique should be used to illustrate the information in Resource 7? Explain your choice. [3] (ii) Using the Resource to help you, describe and explain the increasing scale and range of destinations for tourists. [9] (b) In relation to tourism, explain the meaning of: product cycle; and carrying capacity. [8] (c) With reference to your regional/national case study of tourism management: 8 outline the aims of the management policy; and evaluate the success of the policy. [15] (a) Study Resources 8A 8D (pages 14 15 of the Resource Booklet) relating to Titanic Quarter in Belfast. (i) This region has experienced deindustrialisation. Explain briefly why deindustrialisation occurs. [4] (ii) Use the Resources to help you discuss the possible consequences of deindustrialisation. [8] (b) In relation to economic activity, explain the meaning of: vertical integration; and globalisation. [8] (c) With reference to your local/regional scale case study where agriculture has changed: 5174 describe the change that has occurred; and discuss the social and environmental consequences that have resulted. 5 [15] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 1312-035-1 [Turn over ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2010 Geography Assessment Unit A2 2 assessing Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography [A2G21] TUESDAY 26 JANUARY, MORNING RESOURCE BOOKLET A2G21 5174.02 RESOURCE 1A COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE, NORTHERN IRELAND 1995 2006 18,000 Overall change Net migration Natural change 16,000 14,000 Net annual change 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 -2,000 -4,000 6 05 /0 5 20 20 04 /0 4 03 /0 3 20 20 02 /0 2 01 /0 1 20 00 /0 0 20 19 99 /0 9 98 /9 8 19 19 97 /9 7 /9 96 19 19 95 /9 6 -6,000 Time period Crown Copyright Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 5174.02 2 [Turn over RESOURCE 1B THE TWO WAVES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS AND URBANISATION From 1750 to 1950, Europe and North America experienced the first demographic transition and the first wave of urbanisation. In the past half-century, however, LEDCs have begun to experience the same transition. A: Mortality has fallen rapidly and dramatically in most regions, achieving in one or two decades what developed countries accomplished in one or two centuries, and the demographic impacts of these mortality changes have been drastically greater. B: Fertility declines are following quite rapidly in East and South-East Asia and Latin America and more slowly in Africa. C: Population growth has combined with economic changes to fuel urbanisation. Again, however, the speed and scale of urbanisation today are far greater than in the past. This implies a variety of new problems for cities in poorer countries. They will need to build new urban infrastructure more rapidly than cities during the first wave of urbanisation. In the past, overseas migrations relieved pressure on European cities. Many of those migrants, especially to the Americas, settled in new agricultural lands that fed the new cities. The speed and size of the second wave, when there are few new frontiers to settle, are enhanced by improvements in agricultural, medical and public health technology. Adapted from: UNFPA (2007) State of the World Population: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth 5174.02 3 [Turn over RESOURCE 2A ITALIANS MOTIVATIONS FOR REMAINING CHILDLESS Motivation Percentage of women considering motivation important Economic constraints It was too costly to have a child You would have had to sacrifice too many material possessions You and your partner would not have had enough time to look after a child properly Career-related motivations You needed to work to make ends meet and with a child it would have been impossible to continue With a child you would have had to make professional sacrifices and your job is important not only economically Couple s situation The relationship as a couple was not all that strong One partner wanted a child, the other did not Health/ageing problems One partner had serious health problems One partner felt the woman was too old to have a child The couple had responsibility for elderly relatives 16.2 30.2 35.1 21.5 27.5 34.3 31.7 4.9 12.8 13.2 Adapted from: Childless or Childfree? Paths to Voluntary Childlessness in Italy , by M L Tanturri and L Mancarini, Copyright 2008 Population Development Review, 34 (1), pp.51 77. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 5174.02 4 [Turn over RESOURCE 2B POTENTIAL PRO-NATALIST POLICIES IN ITALY 80 Would you have had a child if the state had provided: 70 Don t think so 60 Think so 50 Percent Definitely no Definitely yes 40 30 20 10 0 Sizeable family allowance from birth to third birthday Family allowance from birth to 18th birthday Parental leave for three years with full pay Kindergarten and school: low cost, full day, and flexible hours Reactions to possible pro-natalist policies by voluntarily childless women in five Italian cities Adapted from: Childless or Childfree? Paths to Voluntary Childlessness in Italy , by M L Tanturri and L Mancarini, Copyright 2008 Population Development Review, 34 (1), pp.51 77. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 5174.02 5 [Turn over RESOURCE 3A UK CITIZENSHIP TESTS The 45-minute test covering government, society and practical issues, and costing 34 came into force in 2005. People seeking to become British take the test at one of 90 centres across the country, before taking part in a formal citizenship ceremony. Potential citizens must achieve the 75% pass mark, but they are allowed to retake it until they pass. People born in Pakistan, India and Somalia make up the majority of applications. The Home Office said it wanted to create a new, more meaningful, way of becoming a citizen in an effort to help people integrate and share in British values and traditions. The Immigration Minister said: This is not a test of someone s ability to be British or a test of his or her Britishness. It is a test of their preparedness to become citizens. It is about looking forward, rather than an assessment of their ability to understand history. Prospective new citizens already need to demonstrate sufficient working knowledge of English to help them get on. Life in the UK Citizenship Guide for prospective new citizens includes information on British history, society, institutions and political systems as well as practical issues key to integration such as employment, healthcare, education and using public services like libraries. This should help reduce the isolation of ethnic minority communities enabling them to access jobs, welfare and health services more readily. Applicants find their route to citizenship and full access to benefits, such as higher education, accelerated if they can prove they are active citizens. Such proof would include evidence of charity work, involvement in the wider community and letters from referees. Those who break the law may find it more difficult or impossible to become British. Adapted from New UK citizenship starts and British citizenship testing starts http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk_politics/4391710.stm and http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk_politics/7253933.stm RESOURCE 3B SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE UK CITIZENSHIP TEST Q1 45% of all ethnic communities live in London True/ False Q2 Whose task is it to interpret the law? The judiciary The Government The Prime Minister The Queen Q3 What are MPs? Q4 Where are Geordie, Cockney and Scouse dialects spoken? Q5 What is the Church of England and who is its head? Source: Taken from a sample test published on http://www.uktestonline.co.uk 5174.02 6 [Turn over RESOURCE 4 ETHNIC CONFLICT IN CHAD Chad (population 10.1 million), with an annual GNP per capita of US$ 400, ranks 180th out of 209 countries in terms of wealth, according to The World Bank. This is in spite of having large supplies of gold, uranium and oil. Chad is a largely semi-desert country in central Africa and its population is divided between Arab Muslims in the north and Christian black Africans in the south. Chad was formerly a French colony. Since gaining independence in 1960, there has been much civil unrest between north and south Chad. The first two presidents, both from southern Chad and supported by France, were deposed as a result of widespread guerilla warfare and replaced by a Libyan-backed president from northern Chad in the late 1970s. Both France and Libya have actively supported the rival groups in Chad, with political power alternating between the rival factions for the last forty years. In that time, Libya invaded and annexed part of northern Chad, France has sent troops to deal with unrest and both countries have given financial and military assistance to their chosen group. Since the late 1980s, the United States have backed France against Libya. Unrest has continued, including a civil war and several unsuccessful peace processes backed by the various interested countries. More recently, ethnic and political unrest in neighbouring Sudan has impacted on Chad. Sudanese militias have joined with Libyan-sponsored rebels in the on-going civil unrest, displacing thousands of black African refugees from Sudan s Darfur region into eastern Chad. Libya This situation deteriorated further when Sudanese militias invaded Chad to attack the Darfur refugees. The arrival of a European Union peaceChad Sudan keeping force in 2007 seemed to have prevented further escalation of hostilities between Chad Central African and Sudan, but less than a year later there were Republic signs that the fragile peace would not hold. In AFRICA Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean May 2008, after renewed violence from both sides, Sudan cut diplomatic relations with Chad. In response, Chad closed its border and cut off all economic ties with Sudan. 40 W 20 W 0 20 E 60 E 40 E 20 N R AG AS C A 0 0 MAD 20 S 1000 km Source: The Principal Examiner 5174.02 7 [Turn over RESOURCE 5A CLEANING UP SYDNEY STEEL The Sydney Tar Ponds are a heavily-polluted water body resulting from the former operation of steel-making in the area since 1899. Since the 1980s, there have been discussions about cleaning up the site, which remains easily the most significant project of this type in Canada today. The Tar Ponds and the associated coke ovens are located in the centre of Sydney, an urban community on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. The community considers these sites to be a blight on the island s world-renowned reputation as a natural masterpiece . Sydney steelworks, 1988 The on-going cleanup project is closely scrutinised by the public and a lengthy list of stakeholders that includes local health officials and five First Nations [indigenous] communities. Two decades of consultation and stakeholder involvement has provided the Sydney Tar Ponds Agency with a broad insight into effective environmental assessment and management, public reporting, engineering and design, local economic benefits, and First Nations involvement. Sydney steelworks site being cleared, 2004 The Agency is working closely with the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, the Province of Nova Scotia, and the Government of Canada on a redevelopment plan that best utilises the remediated [cleaned up] site and benefits the community when the cleanup is complete. Sydney: the former steelworks site and the Tar Ponds, 2007 Source: Adapted from Sydney Tar Ponds Agency, http://www.tarpondscleanup.ca (accessed 22 June 2008) Photographs: Chief Examiner 5174.02 8 [Turn over RESOURCE 5B METRO: BUDAPEST, HUNGARY The metro (underground railway) in Budapest. This is Line 1 built in 1896 which runs just under the city s central main street, Andrassy t, and is the second oldest in the world. It is a World Heritage Site. Budapest has four metro lines. RESOURCE 5C TRAMS: VIENNA, AUSTRIA A tram in Vienna outside the central railway station. Trams have operated in the city since the 19th century and an extensive network of radial routes fan out from the city centre. During the day trams run every 4 8 minutes. RESOURCE 5D MONORAIL: SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA The Sydney Monorail opened in 1998 and runs in and around the city centre. It is heavily used by tourists but also takes commuters from two residential areas into the city centre. About 4 million passenger trips take place each year. Sydney also has trams and a light rail system operating within the city. Photographs: Chief Examiner 5174.02 9 [Turn over RESOURCE 6A PEDESTRIANISATION IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE Photograph: Chief Examiner The National Gallery on the north side of Trafalgar Square in central London. In 2003 the road in front of the Gallery was replaced by the pedestrianised area shown. 5174.02 10 [Turn over RESOURCE 6B PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN DAR ES SALAAM Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania with a population of about 2.5 million. The problems of public transportation in Dar es Salaam are due to: a lack of an administrative system to formulate and implement a coordinated strategy for public transport; the absence of adequate traffic management principles and policies; poor technology in testing the roadworthiness of vehicles; inadequate enforcement of traffic regulations; and the application of an outdated legal and administrative framework in traffic management. To address its increasingly chronic transportation problems, Dar es Salaam City Council has recently initiated an integrated transport programme Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The programme will introduce high-capacity buses and integrate transport networks. When in place, the integrated transport system will: improve bus speeds and reduce bus operating costs by getting buses out of traffic congestion and ending conflicts with bicycles, pedestrians and private cars; improve the quality of service by providing some modern buses and bus stops; reduce pedestrian and bicycle fatalities by ending the dangerous competition for road space and providing improved facilities for non-motorised travel. The implementation of the BRT may well have negative impacts, such as demolitions, widening of earmarked BRT roads, displacement of people, and the construction of flyovers, which will do little for environmental conditions. Source: Adapted from C.J. Sawio, (2008) Perception and conceptualisation of urban environmental change: Dar es Salaam City , Geographical Journal, 174.2, pp. 164-168. 5174.02 11 [Turn over RESOURCE 7 INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS (millions) 1950 2005 Africa Americas Asia and Paci c Europe Middle East World Total 1950 0.5 7.5 0.2 16.8 0.2 25.2 1960 0.8 16.7 0.9 50.4 0.6 69.4 1970 2.4 42.3 6.2 113.0 1.9 165.8 1980 7.2 62.3 23.0 178.5 7.1 278.1 1990 15.2 92.8 56.2 265.6 9.6 439.4 2000 28.3 128.1 110.5 395.9 24.5 687.3 2005 37.3 133.5 155.4 441.5 39.0 806.7 Adapted from International Tourist Arrivals, Tourism Market Trends, 2006 Edition Annex UNWTO, 9284401310 5174.02 12 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Resources continue overleaf) 5174.02 13 [Turn over RESOURCE 8A FORMER INDUSTRIAL LAND ADJACENT TO HARLAND AND WOLFF SHIPYARD IN BELFAST Source: Principal Examiner RESOURCE 8B COMPUTER SOFTWARE CENTRE IN TITANIC QUARTER Source: Principal Examiner 5174.02 14 [Turn over RESOURCE 8C NEW HOTEL AND APARTMENT COMPLEX UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN TITANIC QUARTER Source: Principal Examiner RESOURCE 8D TITANIC QUARTER Motorway Newtownabbey Main road Built-up area M5 M2 Belfast Lough Holywood N George Best Belfast City Airport M2 A2 M3 Titanic Quarter Sydenham Bypass City Centre 0 5174.02 15 km 2 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 1312-035-22 0

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Additional Info : Gce Geography January 2010 Assessment Unit A2 2 Module 5: Processes and Issues in Human Geography - Revised
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