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ICSE Class X Notes 2025 : History and Civics (Sacred Heart School (SHS), Moga)

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BY Ranbir Singh Dhariwal get exclusive more content on our telegram channel like this MaterialVerse CISCE X 2024-25,2025-26 Class X ICSE History/Civics AND Geography Chapter Important Topics Section A: Civics 1. The Union Legislature Meaning of the federal setup in India. (i) Lok Sabha - composition, qualifications for membership, parliamentary procedures; a brief idea of sessions, quorum, question hour, adjournment and no-confidence motion. Speaker election and functions. (ii) Rajya Sabha - composition, qualifications for membership, election, term, Presiding Officer and functions of Union Parliament - legislative, financial, judicial, electoral, amendment of the Constitution, control over the executive. 2. The Union Executive (a) The President: Qualifications for election, composition of the Electoral College, procedure for indirect election. Term of office, procedure for impeachment. Powers (executive, legislative, financial, judicial, discretionary and emergency) (b) The Vice-President: Qualifications for election, term of office and powers (executive, legislative, financial) (c) Prime Minister and Council of Ministers: Appointment, formation, tenure, functions of the Council of Ministers - policy making, administrative, legislative, financial, emergency. Position and powers of the Prime Minister. Collective and individual responsibility. The Cabinet. 3. The Judiciary (a) The Supreme Court: Composition, qualifications of judges, appointment, independence of judiciary from the control of executive and legislature; jurisdiction and functions. (b) The High Courts: Composition, qualifications of judges, appointment, jurisdiction and functions. (c) Subordinate Courts: Distinction between Court of the District Judge and Sessions Court. (d) Lok Adalats: Meaning and advantages. Section B: History 1. The Indian National Movement (1857-1917) The First War of Independence (1857) Causes, Consequences, Significance Growth of Nationalism Early Nationalists & their Contributions Indian National Congress: Formation & Objectives The Muslim League Formation, Objectives, Surat Split of 1907; objectives and methods of struggle of the Radicals. Any two contributions of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai. The Muslim League; Factors leading to the formation of the Muslim League and its objectives. Brief mention of the significance of the Lucknow Pact 1916. 2. Mass Phase of the National Movement (1915-1947) Mahatma Gandhi Non-Cooperation Movement causes (Khilafat Movement, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy), programme and suspension - Chauri Chaura incident and impact of the Movement; the Civil Disobedience Movement: causes (reaction to the Simon Commission, Declaration of Poorna Swaraj at the Lahore Session of 1929), Dandi March, programme and impact of the Movement, Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Second Round Table Conference; the Quit India Movement: causes (failure of the Cripps Mission, Japanese threat), Quit India Resolution and the significance of the Movement. Forward Bloc and INA (objectives and contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose). Independence and Partition of India Cabinet Mission Plan (clauses only); Mountbatten Plan (clauses and its acceptance); and the Indian Independence Act of 1947 (clauses only). 3. The Contemporary World The First World War Causes (Nationalism and Imperialism, Armament Race, division of Europe and Sarajevo crisis) and Results (Treaty of Versailles, territorial rearrangements, formation of League of Nations). Rise of Dictatorships Causes for the rise of Fascism in Italy and the rise of Nazism in Germany. A comparative study of Mussolini's Fascist and Hitler's Nazi ideologies. The Second World War Causes (Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Fascism and Nazism, Policy of Appeasement, Japanese invasion of China, Failure of League of Nations and Hitler's invasion of Poland). Brief mention of the attack on Pearl Harbour and bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Consequences (Defeat of Axis Powers, Formation of the United Nations and Cold War). United Nations (i) The objectives of the U.N. And The composition and functions of the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the International Court of Justice. (ii) Major agencies of the United Nations: UNICEF, WHO and UNESCO-functions only. Non-Aligned Movement meaning; objectives; Panchsheel; role of Jawaharlal Nehru; Names of the architects of NAM. (no long question from this chapter) Geography Important Topics Geography of India (map and topography has no change you can practice pyq's for it) 3. Location, Extent and Physical Features Position and Extent of India: The syllabus emphasizes understanding India's location on the world map through map-based learning. Physical Features: It highlights the major landforms of India: mountains (Himalayas), plateaus (Deccan Plateau), plains (Indo-Gangetic Plain), and rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra). Again, map-based learning is crucial. 4. Climate Distribution of Temperature, Rainfall, and Winds: The syllabus emphasizes understanding seasonal variations in temperature, rainfall distribution, and wind patterns (summer monsoon, winter monsoon, retreating monsoon). Factors affecting climate: Students are expected to learn about the factors that influence India's climate, such as location, altitude, and topography. Monsoon: The syllabus specifically mentions the monsoon season and its mechanism. 5. Soil Resources Types of Soil: Students need to learn about different types of soil found in India, such as alluvial, black, red, and laterite soil. Distribution and Characteristics: Understanding the distribution and characteristics of these soil types is essential. Soil Erosion and Conservation: The syllabus covers the causes, prevention, and conservation of soil. 6. Natural Vegetation Importance of Forests: Students should understand the ecological and economic importance of forests. Types of Vegetation: The syllabus mentions different types of vegetation found in India, such as tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, tropical desert, littoral, and mountain forests. Distribution and Correlation with Environment: Students need to learn about the distribution of these vegetation types and their correlation with the environment. Forest Conservation: The syllabus emphasizes the importance of forest conservation. 7. Water Resources Sources of Water: Students should learn about surface water (rivers, lakes) and groundwater as sources of water. Need for Conservation and Conservation Practices: The syllabus emphasizes the need for water conservation and mentions rainwater harvesting as an important practice. Irrigation: Students should learn about the importance of irrigation and different methods of irrigation. 8. Mineral and Energy Resources Mineral Resources: The syllabus mentions key minerals like iron ore, manganese, copper, and bauxite, their uses, and their distribution in India. Energy Resources: Conventional Sources: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas (distribution, advantages, and disadvantages) Hydel Power: Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud Dam are mentioned as examples. Non-conventional Sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, nuclear, and bio-gas (generation and advantages) 9. Agriculture Indian Agriculture: The syllabus covers the importance, problems, and reforms in Indian agriculture. Types of Farming: Students should learn about different types of farming, such as subsistence, commercial, shifting, intensive, extensive, and plantation farming. Agricultural Seasons: Rabi, Kharif, and Zayad seasons are mentioned. Crops: The syllabus focuses on specific crops like rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds (groundnut, mustard, and soya bean), cotton, jute, tea, and coffee, including their climatic conditions, soil requirements, methods of cultivation, processing, and distribution. 10. Manufacturing Industries Importance and Classification: The syllabus emphasizes the importance of manufacturing industries and classifies them into Agro-based (Sugar, Textile), Mineral-based (Iron & Steel), and Petrochemical & Electronics. Examples: Specific examples like TISCO, Bhilai, Rourkela, and Vishakhapatnam are mentioned. 11. Transport Importance and Modes: The syllabus highlights the importance of different modes of transport like roadways, railways, airways, and waterways. Advantages and Disadvantages: Students are expected to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of transport. 12. Waste Management Impact of Waste Accumulation: The syllabus discusses the negative impacts of waste accumulation, such as pollution, health hazards, and effects on terrestrial and aquatic life. Need for Waste Management: The syllabus emphasizes the need for proper waste management practices. Methods of Safe Disposal: Segregation, dumping, and composting are mentioned as methods of safe disposal. Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling: The syllabus highlights the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. get exclusive more content on our telegram channel like this MaterialVerse CISCE X 2024-25,2025-26 BY Ranbir Singh Dhariwal

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