Formatting page ...
Wiki Loves Earth photo contest: Upload photos of natural heritage sites in India to help Wikipedia and win fantastic prizes! United Nations General Assembly From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United Nations General Assembly ( Arabic) (Chinese) Assembl e g n rale des Nations unies (French) (Russian) Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (Spanish) United Nations (UN) General Assembly hall at the UN Headquarters, New York City Abbreviation GA UNGA AG Formation 1945; 72 years ago Type Principal organ Legal status Active Head President: Parent organization United Nations (UN) Website www.un.org/ga Peter Thomson Membership and participation For two articles dealing with membership of and participation in the General Assembly, see: General Assembly members General Assembly observers The United Nations General Assembly (abbreviated UNGA and GA. French: Assembl e G n rale "AG") is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the UN, appoint the nonpermanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the UN and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.[1] It has also established numerous subsidiary organs.[2] The General Assembly meets under its president or secretary-general in annual sessions, the main part of which lasts from September[3] to December and resumed part from January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next session's start). It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, namely, recommendations on peace and security, budgetary concerns, and the election, admission, suspension or expulsion of members is by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by a straightforward majority. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security under Security Council consideration. [4] The one state, one vote power structure potentially allows states comprising just five percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote.[5] During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for the "North-South dialogue": the discussion of issues between industrialized nations and developing countries. These issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members. It now has 193, of which more than two-thirds are developing countries. Because of their numbers, developing countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating groups like the G77), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives. Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have the binding forces over the member nations (apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to its Uniting for Peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)), the Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing to the negative vote of a permanent member, in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.[4] Contents [hide] 1History 2Membership 3Agenda 4Resolutions o 4.1UN budget o 4.2Resolution numbering scheme 5Elections 6Special sessions o 6.1UNGASS 2016 o 6.2Other special sessions o 6.3General Debates 7Emergency special sessions 8Subsidiary organs o 8.1Committees 8.1.1Main committees 8.1.2Other committees o 8.2Commissions o 8.3Boards 8.3.1Executive Boards 8.3.2Boards o 8.4Councils and panels o 8.5Working Groups and other 9Seating 10Reform and UNPA 11Reform 12Notes 13External links History[edit] Methodist Central Hall, London, the location of the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in 1946.[6] The first session of the UN General Assembly was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. The next few annual sessions were held in different cities: the second session in New York, and the third session was in Paris. It moved to the permanent United Nations Headquarters in New York at the start of its seventh regular annual session, on 14 October 1952. In December 1988, in order to hear Yasser Arafat, the General Assembly organised its 29th session in the Palace of Nations, in Geneva (Switzerland).[7] Membership[edit] Main article: Member states of the United Nations All 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. Agenda[edit] The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance and begins with the release of a preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda. [8] This is refined into a provisional agenda 60 days before the opening of the session. After the session begins, the final agenda is adopted in a plenary meeting which allocates the work to the various Main Committees who later submit reports back to the Assembly for adoption by consensus or by vote. Items on the agenda are numbered. Regular plenary sessions of the General Assembly in recent years have initially been scheduled to be held over the course of just three months, however additional work loads have extended these sessions to last on through just short of the next session. The routinely scheduled portions of the sessions are normally scheduled to commence on "the Tuesday of the third week in September, counting from the first week that contains at least one working day," as per the UN Rules of Procedure. [9] The last two of these Regular sessions were routinely scheduled to recess exactly three months afterwards [10] in early December, but were resumed in January and extended on until just before the beginning of the following sessions. [11] Resolutions[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: United Nations General Assembly resolution and United Nations Document Codes Russian President Dmitry Medvedevaddresses the 64th session of the UN General Assembly on 24 September 2009 The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by sponsoring states. These are generally statements symbolizing the sense of the international community about an array of world issues. Most General Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as a legal or practical matter, because the General Assembly lacks enforcement powers with respect to most issues. The General Assembly has authority to make final decisions in some areas such as the United Nations budget. General Assembly Resolutions are generally non-binding on member states, but carry considerable political weight, and are legally binding towards the operations of the General Assembly. The General Assembly can also refer an issue to the Security Council to put in place a binding resolution. UN budget[edit] The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United Nations, and decides how much money each member state must pay to run the organization.[5] The Charter of the United Nations gives responsibility for approving the budget to the General Assembly (Chapter IV, Article 17) and for preparing the budget to the Secretary-General, as "chief administrative officer" (Chapter XV, Article 97). The Charter also addresses the non-payment of assessed contributions (Chapter IV, Article 19). The planning, programming, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation cycle of the United Nations has evolved over the years; major resolutions on the process include General Assembly resolutions: 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 42/211 of 21 December 1987, and 45/248 of 21 December 1990.[12] The budget covers the costs of United Nations programmes in areas such as political affairs, international justice and law, international cooperation for development, public information, human rights and humanitarian affairs. The main source of funds for the regular budget is the contributions of member states. The scale of assessments is based on the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes. In addition to the regular budget, member states are assessed for the costs of the international tribunals and, in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale, for the costs of peacekeeping operations.[13] Resolution numbering scheme[edit] From the First to the Thirtieth General Assembly sessions, all General Assembly resolutions were numbered consecutively, with the resolution number followed by the session number in Roman numbers (for example, Resolution 1514 (XV), which was the 1514th numbered resolution adopted by the Assembly, and was adopted at the Fifteenth Regular Session (1960)). Beginning in the ThirtyFirst Session, resolutions are numbered by individual session (for example Resolution 41/10 represents the 10th resolution adopted at the Forty-First Session). Elections[edit] Division of the General Assembly by membership in the five United Nations Regional Groups. The African Group The Asia-Pacific Group The Eastern European Group The Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC) The Western European and Others Group (WEOG) No group The General Assembly votes in elections for the ten non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council; the most recent such election was on 28 June 2016. These elections take place every year, and member states serve two-year terms, with five replaced each year. The candidates are selected by their regional groups. The General Assembly also elects members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It also elects members of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and some members of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The General Assembly appoints the Secretary-General of the United Nations on recommendation of the Security Council, and adopts rules governing the administration of the Secretariat. Along with the Security Council, the General Assembly elects Judges for the International Court of Justice in The Hague.[14] Special sessions[edit] Spanish Prime Minister Jos Luis Rodr guez Zapatero addressing the General Assembly in New York, 20 September 2005 Special sessions may be convened at the request of the United Nations Security Council, or a majority of UN members, or, if the majority concurs, of a single member. A special session was held on October 1995 at the head of government level to commemorate the UN's 50th anniversary. Another special session was held in September 2000 to celebrate the millennium; it put forward the Millennium Development Goals. A special session was again held to discuss and admit proposals for the HIV/AIDS crisis in 2001.[15] A further special session (2005 World Summit) was held in September 2005 to commemorate the UN's 60th anniversary; it assessed progress on the Millennium Development Goals, and discussed Kofi Annan's In Larger Freedom proposals. Another special session was held in 2014 to discuss Population and Development, following the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action.[16] UNGASS 2016[edit] A further special session was held in 2016 this time on the discussion of the War on Drugs and proposals to reconsider international drug treaties like the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as well as how to deal with drug treatment, rehabilitation etc.,[17] the first UN gathering on the subject in 20 years. In 2016, while "some European and South American countries as well as the U.S. favored softer approaches[,] ... countries such as China and Russia and most Muslim nations like Iran, Indonesia and Pakistan remained staunchly opposed" to any move beyond prohibition. One group favoring reform, the Global Commission on Drug Policy and some attendees expressed disappointment with the "status quo" outcome.[18] Presenters included Russel Simmons, Michael Skolnik, Che Rhymefest Smith who screened the film WARonUS Directed by Queen Muhammad Ali and Hakeem Khaaliq.[19][20] Brazilian President Dilma Rousseffdelivers the opening speech at the 66th Session of the General Assembly on September 21, 2011, marking the first time a woman opens a United Nations session.[21] Other special sessions[edit] At the first Special Session of the UN General Assembly held in 1947, Osvaldo Aranha, then president of the Special Session, began a tradition that has remained until today whereby the first speaker at this major international forum is always a Brazilian.[22] If the Security Council fails to act to maintain international peace and security due to a disagreement between its permanent members, the General Assembly has the power to convene an emergency special session and act to ensure peace and security under United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377. General Debates[edit] Annually, Heads of State, Government or heads of delegations speak at the opening of the new session of the General Assembly during the "General Debate".[23][24][25] Emergency special sessions[edit] The General Assembly may take action on maintaining international peace and security if the United Nations Security Council is unable, usually due to disagreement among the permanent members, to exercise its primary responsibility. If not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in emergency special session[26] within 24 hours of the request. Such emergency special sessions are to be called if requested by the UN Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations. The "Uniting for Peace" resolution, adopted 3 November 1950, empowered the Assembly to convene in emergency special session in order to recommend collective measures including the use of armed force in the event of a breach of the peace or act of aggression. As with all Assembly resolutions, two-thirds of UN Members 'present and voting' must approve any such recommendation before it can be formally adopted by the Assembly. Emergency special sessions have been convened under this procedure on ten occasions. The two most recent, in 1982 and 1997 through 2009 respectively, have both been on the status of the territories occupied [27] by the State of Israel. Subsidiary organs[edit] The United Nations General Assembly building Panorama of the UNGA The General Assembly subsidiary organs are divided into five categories: committees (30 total, six main), commissions (six), boards (seven), councils and panels (five), working groups, and "other". Committees[edit] Main committees[edit] The main committees are ordinally numbered, 1 6: The First Committee: Disarmament and International Security(DISEC) The Second Committee: Economic and Financial (ECOFIN) The Third Committee: Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian (SOCHUM) The Fourth Committee: Special Political and Decolonisation(SPECPOL) The Fifth Committee: Administrative and Budgetary and general The Sixth Committee: Legal. The roles of many of the main committees have changed over time. Until the late 1970s, the First Committee was the Political and Security Committee (POLISEC) and there was also a sufficient number of additional "political" matters that an additional, unnumbered main committee, called the Special Political Committee, also sat. The Fourth Committee formerly handled Trusteeship and Decolonization matters. With the decreasing number of such matters to be addressed as thetrust territories attained independence and the decolonization movement progressed, the functions of the Special Political Committee were merged into the Fourth Committee during the 1990s. Each main committee consists of all the members of the General Assembly. Each elects a chairman, three vice chairmen, and a rapporteur at the outset of each regular General Assembly session. Other committees[edit] Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev addresses the UN General Assembly in December 1988 These are not numbered. According to the General Assembly website, the most important [28] are: Credentials Committee This committee is charged with ensuring that thediplomatic credentials of all UN representatives are in order. The Credentials Committee consists of nine Member States elected early in each regular General Assembly session. General Committee This is a supervisory committee entrusted with ensuring that the whole meeting of the Assembly goes smoothly. The General Committee consists of the president and vice presidents of the current General Assembly session and the chairman of each of the six Main Committees. Other committees of the General Assembly are enumerated.[29] Commissions[edit] There are six commissions: Disarmament Commission, established by GA Resolution 502 (VI) and S-10/2 International Civil Service Commission, established by GA Resolution 3357 (XXIX) International Law Commission, established by GA Resolution 174 (II) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), established by GA Resolution 2205 (XXI) United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established by GA Resolution 194 (III) United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, established by GA Resolution 60/180 and UN Security Council Resolutions 1645 (2005) and 1646 (2005) Despite its name, the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) was actually a subsidiary body ofECOSOC. Boards[edit] There are seven boards which are categorized into two groups: a) Executive Boards and b) Boards Executive Boards[edit] 1. Executive Board of the United Nations Children's Fund [established by GA Resolution 57 (I) and 48/162] 2. Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund [established by GA Resolution 2029 (XX) and 48/162] 3. Executive Board of the World Food Programme [established by GA Resolution 50/8] Boards[edit] 1. Board of Auditors [established by GA Resolution 74 (I)] 2. Trade and Development Board [established by GA Resolution 1995 (XIX)] 3. United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board [established by GA Resolution 248 (III)] 4. Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters [established by GA Resolution 37/99 K] Councils and panels[edit] The newest council is the United Nations Human Rights Council, which replaced the aforementioned UNCHR in March 2006. There are a total of four councils and one panel.[30] Working Groups and other[edit] There is a varied group of working groups and other subsidiary bodies. [30] Seating[edit] Countries are seated alphabetically in the General Assembly according to English translations of the countries' names. However, the country which occupies the front-most left position (and hence the countries' seating position in the Assembly) is rotated annually by lot. [23] One country is balloted each year to sit in the front-most left position, and the remaining countries follow alphabetically behind it. [23] Reform and UNPA[edit] Main article: Reform of the United Nations See also: United Nations Parliamentary Assembly On 21 March 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan presented a report, In Larger Freedom, that criticized the General Assembly for focusing so much on consensus that it was passing watereddown resolutions reflecting "the lowest common denominator of widely different opinions." He also criticized the Assembly for trying to address too broad an agenda, instead of focusing on "the major substantive issues of the day, such as international migration and the long-debated comprehensive convention on terrorism". Annan recommended streamlining the General Assembly's agenda, committee structure, and procedures; strengthening the role and authority of its president; enhancing the role of civil society; and establishing a mechanism to review the decisions of its committees, in order to minimize unfunded mandates andmicromanagement of the United Nations Secretariat. Annan reminded UN members of their responsibility to implement reforms, if they expect to realize improvements in UN effectiveness.[31] The reform proposals were not taken up by the United Nations World Summit in September 2005. Instead, the Summit solely affirmed the central position of the General Assembly as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations, as well as the role of the Assembly in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law. The Summit also called for strengthening the relationship between the General Assembly and the other principal organs to ensure better coordination on topical issues that required coordinated action by the United Nations, in accordance with their respective mandates.[citation needed] A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, or United Nations People's Assembly (UNPA), is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that eventually could allow for direct election of UN parliament members by citizens all over the world. In the General Debate of the 65th General Assembly, Jorge Valero, representing Venezuela, said "The United Nations has exhausted its model and it is not simply a matter of proceeding with reform, the twenty-first century demands deep changes that are only possible with a rebuilding of this organisation." He pointed to the futility of resolutions concerning the Cuban embargo and the Middle East conflict as reasons for the UN model having failed. Venezuela also called for the suspension of veto rights in the Security Council because it was a "remnant of the Second World War [it] is incompatible with the principle of sovereign equality of States." [32] Reform[edit] Reform of the United Nations General Assembly includes proposals to change the powers and composition of theU.N. General Assembly. This could include, for example, tasking the UNGA with evaluating how well member states implement UNGA resolutions,[33] increasing the power of the assembly vis- -vis the United Nations Security Council, or making debates more constructive and less repetitive.[34] History of the United Nations List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations Interpretation Service United Nations System Reform of the United Nations Notes[edit] 1. Jump up^ CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS: Chapter IV Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. UN.org. 2. Jump up^ General Assembly: Subsidiary organs at UN.org. 3. Jump up^ The annual session convenes on Tuesday of the third week in September per Resolution 57/301, Para. 1. The opening debate begins the following Tuesday. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp? symbol=A/INF/70/1 4. ^ Jump up to: General Assembly of the United Nations. Un.org. a b Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 5. ^ Jump up to: Population, total | Data | Table. a b Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 6. Jump up^ "History of United Nations 1941 - 1950". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved12 March 2015. 7. Jump up^ (in French) "Gen ve renoue avec sa tradition de ville de paix", Le Temps, Thursday 16 January 2014. 8. Jump up^ "Research Guide: General Assembly". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. 9. Jump up^ "General Assembly of the United Nations". 10. Jump up^ General Assembly Adopts Work Programme for SixtyFourth Session, UN General Assembly Adopts Work Programme for Sixty-Fourth Session 11. Jump up^ UN Plenary Meetings of the 64th Session of the UN General Assembly, General Assembly of the UN 12. Jump up^ UN Security Council : Resolutions, Presidential Statements, Meeting Records, SC Press Releases Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 13. Jump up^ United Nations Department of Management. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 14. Jump up^ Grolier: The New Book of Knowledge (Encyclopedia), book U/V, Article: United Nations (pg. 65), article by Leland Goodrich 15. Jump up^ "UN GA Special Session on HIV/AIDS". www.un.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 16. Jump up^ "Event: Special Session of the General Assembly on the Follow-Up to the Programme of Action of the ICPD | Sustainable Development Policy & Practice | IISD Reporting Services". sd.iisd.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 17. Jump up^ "Special Session of the General Assembly UNGASS 2016". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 18. Jump up^ Fassihi, Farnaz, "U.N. Conference on Drugs Ends Without Shift in Policy", Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-25. 19. Jump up^ Belk, Joey (2016-03-19). "How to travel in one of the most dangerous cities in the world and still be fresh.". Nation19 Magazine / APDTA. Nation19 Magazine / APDTA. Retrieved 201702-02. 20. Jump up^ "The Museum of Drug Policy Wants You to Speak Your Truth | Mass Appeal". Mass Appeal. 2016-04-20. Retrieved201702-03. 21. Jump up^ "Brazil s President Rousseff to be First Woman to Open United Nations". Fox News. 20 September 2011. Retrieved29 September 2015. 22. Jump up^ "Historical Personalities and Diplomats: Oswaldo Aranha". Brazilian Ministry of External Relations. 23. ^ Jump up to: "Thailand's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session". United Nations. 2 August 2005. a b c 24. Jump up^ "UN: King Felipe VI of Spain and Ban Ki-moon Discuss Western Sahara". Morocco World News. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 25. Jump up^ "In U.N. Speech, Obama Vows to Fight ISIS Network of Death ". New York Times. 24 September 2014. Retrieved25 September 2014. 26. Jump up^ UNGA Emergency Special Sessions. UN.org. 27. Jump up^ Tenth Emergency Special Session. Un.org. Retrieved on 13 november 2014. 28. Jump up^ https://www.un.org/ga/61/background/committees.shtm[permanent dead link] 29. Jump up^ Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly, UN General Assembly Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly Commities 30. ^ Jump up to: "UN General Assembly". a b 31. Jump up^ "In Larger Freedom, Chapter 5". United Nations. 32. Jump up^ "Statement by Ambassador Jorge Valero DeputyMinister for North America and Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations at the 65th Session of the Plenary of the United Nations General Assembly. New York, September 29, 2010". 33. Jump up^ "REVITALIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY" (PDF). Globalpolicy.org. Retrieved 11 January2015. 34. Jump up^ "The Role of the UN General Assembly". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 11 January 2015. External links[edit] United Nations portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations General Assembly. Wikisource has several original texts related to:United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Webcast archive for the UN General Assembly Subsection of the overall UN webcast site Verbatim record of the 1st session of the UN General Assembly, Jan. 1946 UN Democracy: hyper linked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council UN General Assembly Documentation Research Guide Council on Foreign Relations: The Role of the UN General Assembly [show] v t e United Nations General Assembly sessions [show] v t e Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly [show] v t e United Nations [show] v t e Permanent Representatives to the United Nations WorldCat Identities VIAF: 141511717 LCCN: n79007295 ISNI: 0000 0001 2171 4246 GND: 2005003-3 Authority SELIBR: 232389 control SUDOC: 026550059 BNF: cb118776683 (data) NLA: 35561878 NKC: kn20010710266 BNE: XX104766 Categories: Lists of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations General Assembly 1945 establishments in the United States Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Read Edit View history Search Article Talk Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu Az rbaycanca ( ) Bosanski Catal e tina Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espa ol Esperanto Euskara F royskt Fran ais Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia slenska Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Latvie u Lietuvi Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokm l Norsk nynorsk O zbekcha/ Polski Portugu s Rom n Scots Simple English Sloven ina Sloven ina Soomaaliga / srpski Srpskohrvatski / Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska /tatar a T rk e Ti ng Vi t Walon Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017, at 04:17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Wiki Loves Earth photo contest: Upload photos of natural heritage sites in India to help Wikipedia and win fantastic prizes! United Nations General Assembly From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United Nations General Assembly ( Arabic) (Chinese) Assembl e g n rale des Nations unies (French) (Russian) Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (Spanish) United Nations (UN) General Assembly hall at the UN Headquarters, New York City GA Abbreviation UNGA AG Formation 1945; 72 years ago Type Principal organ Legal status Active Head President: Parent organization United Nations (UN) Website www.un.org/ga Peter Thomson Membership and participation For two articles dealing with membership of and participation in the General Assembly, see: General Assembly members General Assembly observers The United Nations General Assembly (abbreviated UNGA and GA.French: Assembl e G n rale "AG") is one of the six principal organs of theUnited Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the UN, appoint the nonpermanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the UN and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.[1] It has also established numerous subsidiary organs.[2] The General Assembly meets under its president or secretary-general in annual sessions, the main part of which lasts from September[3] to December and resumed part from January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next session's start). It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, namely, recommendations on peace and security, budgetary concerns, and the election, admission, suspension or expulsion of members is by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by a straightforward majority. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security under Security Council consideration. [4] Theone state, one vote power structure potentially allows states comprising just five percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote.[5] During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for the "North-South dialogue": the discussion of issues between industrialized nations and developing countries. These issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members. It now has 193, of which more than two-thirds aredeveloping countries. Because of their numbers, developing countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating groups like the G77), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives. Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have the binding forces over the member nations (apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to its Uniting for Peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)), the Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing to the negative vote of a permanent member, in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.[4] Contents [hide] 1History 2Membership 3Agenda 4Resolutions o 4.1UN budget o 4.2Resolution numbering scheme 5Elections 6Special sessions o 6.1UNGASS 2016 o 6.2Other special sessions o 6.3General Debates 7Emergency special sessions 8Subsidiary organs o 8.1Committees 8.1.1Main committees 8.1.2Other committees o 8.2Commissions o 8.3Boards 8.3.1Executive Boards 8.3.2Boards o 8.4Councils and panels o 8.5Working Groups and other 9Seating 10Reform and UNPA 11Reform 12Notes 13External links History[edit] Methodist Central Hall, London, the location of the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in 1946.[6] The first session of the UN General Assembly was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. The next few annual sessions were held in different cities: the second session in New York, and the third session was in Paris. It moved to the permanent United Nations Headquarters in New York at the start of its seventh regular annual session, on 14 October 1952. In December 1988, in order to hearYasser Arafat, the General Assembly organised its 29th session in the Palace of Nations, in Geneva (Switzerland).[7] Membership[edit] Main article: Member states of the United Nations All 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. Agenda[edit] The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance and begins with the release of a preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda. [8] This is refined into a provisional agenda 60 days before the opening of the session. After the session begins, the final agenda is adopted in a plenary meeting which allocates the work to the various Main Committees who later submit reports back to the Assembly for adoption by consensus or by vote. Items on the agenda are numbered. Regular plenary sessions of the General Assembly in recent years have initially been scheduled to be held over the course of just three months, however additional work loads have extended these sessions to last on through just short of the next session. The routinely scheduled portions of the sessions are normally scheduled to commence on "the Tuesday of the third week in September, counting from the first week that contains at least one working day," as per the UN Rules of Procedure. [9] The last two of these Regular sessions were routinely scheduled to recess exactly three months afterwards [10] in early December, but were resumed in January and extended on until just before the beginning of the following sessions. [11] Resolutions[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: United Nations General Assembly resolution and United Nations Document Codes Russian President Dmitry Medvedevaddresses the 64th session of the UN General Assembly on 24 September 2009 The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by sponsoring states. These are generally statements symbolizing the sense of the international community about an array of world issues. Most General Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as a legal or practical matter, because the General Assembly lacks enforcement powers with respect to most issues. The General Assembly has authority to make final decisions in some areas such as the United Nations budget. General Assembly Resolutions are generally non-binding on member states, but carry considerable political weight, and are legally binding towards the operations of the General Assembly. The General Assembly can also refer an issue to the Security Council to put in place a binding resolution. UN budget[edit] The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United Nations, and decides how much money each member state must pay to run the organization.[5] The Charter of the United Nations gives responsibility for approving the budget to the General Assembly (Chapter IV, Article 17) and for preparing the budget to the Secretary-General, as "chief administrative officer" (Chapter XV, Article 97). The Charter also addresses the non-payment of assessed contributions (Chapter IV, Article 19). The planning, programming, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation cycle of the United Nations has evolved over the years; major resolutions on the process include General Assembly resolutions: 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 42/211 of 21 December 1987, and 45/248 of 21 December 1990.[12] The budget covers the costs of United Nations programmes in areas such as political affairs, international justice and law, international cooperation for development, public information, human rights and humanitarian affairs. The main source of funds for the regular budget is the contributions of member states. The scale of assessments is based on the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes. In addition to the regular budget, member states are assessed for the costs of the international tribunals and, in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale, for the costs of peacekeeping operations.[13] Resolution numbering scheme[edit] From the First to the Thirtieth General Assembly sessions, all General Assembly resolutions were numbered consecutively, with the resolution number followed by the session number in Roman numbers (for example, Resolution 1514 (XV), which was the 1514th numbered resolution adopted by the Assembly, and was adopted at the Fifteenth Regular Session (1960)). Beginning in the ThirtyFirst Session, resolutions are numbered by individual session (for example Resolution 41/10 represents the 10th resolution adopted at the Forty-First Session). Elections[edit] Division of the General Assembly by membership in the five United Nations Regional Groups. The African Group The Asia-Pacific Group The Eastern European Group The Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC) The Western European and Others Group (WEOG) No group The General Assembly votes in elections for the ten non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council; the most recent such election was on 28 June 2016. These elections take place every year, and member states serve two-year terms, with five replaced each year. The candidates are selected by their regional groups. The General Assembly also elects members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It also elects members of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and some members of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The General Assembly appoints the Secretary-General of the United Nations on recommendation of the Security Council, and adopts rules governing the administration of the Secretariat. Along with the Security Council, the General Assembly elects Judges for the International Court of Justice in The Hague.[14] Special sessions[edit] Spanish Prime Minister Jos Luis Rodr guez Zapatero addressing the General Assembly in New York, 20 September 2005 Special sessions may be convened at the request of the United Nations Security Council, or a majority of UN members, or, if the majority concurs, of a single member. A special session was held on October 1995 at the head of government level to commemorate the UN's 50th anniversary. Another special session was held in September 2000 to celebrate the millennium; it put forward the Millennium Development Goals. A special session was again held to discuss and admit proposals for the HIV/AIDS crisis in 2001.[15] A further special session (2005 World Summit) was held in September 2005 to commemorate the UN's 60th anniversary; it assessed progress on the Millennium Development Goals, and discussed Kofi Annan's In Larger Freedom proposals. Another special session was held in 2014 to discuss Population and Development, following the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action.[16] UNGASS 2016[edit] A further special session was held in 2016 this time on the discussion of the War on Drugs and proposals to reconsider international drug treaties like the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as well as how to deal with drug treatment, rehabilitation etc.,[17] the first UN gathering on the subject in 20 years. In 2016, while "some European and South American countries as well as the U.S. favored softer approaches[,] ... countries such as China and Russia and most Muslim nations like Iran, Indonesia and Pakistan remained staunchly opposed" to any move beyond prohibition. One group favoring reform, the Global Commission on Drug Policy and some attendees expressed disappointment with the "status quo" outcome.[18] Presenters included Russel Simmons, Michael Skolnik, Che Rhymefest Smith who screened the film WARonUS Directed by Queen Muhammad Ali and Hakeem Khaaliq.[19][20] Brazilian President Dilma Rousseffdelivers the opening speech at the 66th Session of the General Assembly on September 21, 2011, marking the first time a woman opens a United Nations session.[21] Other special sessions[edit] At the first Special Session of the UN General Assembly held in 1947, Osvaldo Aranha, then president of the Special Session, began a tradition that has remained until today whereby the first speaker at this major international forum is always a Brazilian.[22] If the Security Council fails to act to maintain international peace and security due to a disagreement between its permanent members, the General Assembly has the power to convene an emergency special session and act to ensure peace and security under United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377. General Debates[edit] Annually, Heads of State, Government or heads of delegations speak at the opening of the new session of the General Assembly during the "General Debate".[23][24][25] Emergency special sessions[edit] The General Assembly may take action on maintaining international peace and security if the United Nations Security Council is unable, usually due to disagreement among the permanent members, to exercise its primary responsibility. If not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in emergency special session[26] within 24 hours of the request. Such emergency special sessions are to be called if requested by the UN Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations. The "Uniting for Peace" resolution, adopted 3 November 1950, empowered the Assembly to convene in emergency special session in order to recommend collective measures including the use of armed force in the event of a breach of the peace or act of aggression. As with all Assembly resolutions, two-thirds of UN Members 'present and voting' must approve any such recommendation before it can be formally adopted by the Assembly. Emergency special sessions have been convened under this procedure on ten occasions. The two most recent, in 1982 and 1997 through 2009 respectively, have both been on the status of the territories occupied [27] by the State of Israel. Subsidiary organs[edit] The United Nations General Assembly building Panorama of the UNGA The General Assembly subsidiary organs are divided into five categories: committees (30 total, six main), commissions (six), boards (seven), councils and panels (five), working groups, and "other". Committees[edit] Main committees[edit] The main committees are ordinally numbered, 1 6: The First Committee: Disarmament and International Security(DISEC) The Second Committee: Economic and Financial (ECOFIN) The Third Committee: Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian (SOCHUM) The Fourth Committee: Special Political and Decolonisation(SPECPOL) The Fifth Committee: Administrative and Budgetary and general The Sixth Committee: Legal. The roles of many of the main committees have changed over time. Until the late 1970s, the First Committee was the Political and Security Committee (POLISEC) and there was also a sufficient number of additional "political" matters that an additional, unnumbered main committee, called the Special Political Committee, also sat. The Fourth Committee formerly handled Trusteeship and Decolonization matters. With the decreasing number of such matters to be addressed as thetrust territories attained independence and the decolonization movement progressed, the functions of the Special Political Committee were merged into the Fourth Committee during the 1990s. Each main committee consists of all the members of the General Assembly. Each elects a chairman, three vice chairmen, and a rapporteur at the outset of each regular General Assembly session. Other committees[edit] Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev addresses the UN General Assembly in December 1988 These are not numbered. According to the General Assembly website, the most important [28] are: Credentials Committee This committee is charged with ensuring that thediplomatic credentials of all UN representatives are in order. The Credentials Committee consists of nine Member States elected early in each regular General Assembly session. General Committee This is a supervisory committee entrusted with ensuring that the whole meeting of the Assembly goes smoothly. The General Committee consists of the president and vice presidents of the current General Assembly session and the chairman of each of the six Main Committees. Other committees of the General Assembly are enumerated.[29] Commissions[edit] There are six commissions: Disarmament Commission, established by GA Resolution 502 (VI) and S-10/2 International Civil Service Commission, established by GA Resolution 3357 (XXIX) International Law Commission, established by GA Resolution 174 (II) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), established by GA Resolution 2205 (XXI) United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established by GA Resolution 194 (III) United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, established by GA Resolution 60/180 and UN Security Council Resolutions 1645 (2005) and 1646 (2005) Despite its name, the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) was actually a subsidiary body ofECOSOC. Boards[edit] There are seven boards which are categorized into two groups: a) Executive Boards and b) Boards Executive Boards[edit] 1. Executive Board of the United Nations Children's Fund [established by GA Resolution 57 (I) and 48/162] 2. Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund [established by GA Resolution 2029 (XX) and 48/162] 3. Executive Board of the World Food Programme [established by GA Resolution 50/8] Boards[edit] 1. Board of Auditors [established by GA Resolution 74 (I)] 2. Trade and Development Board [established by GA Resolution 1995 (XIX)] 3. United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board [established by GA Resolution 248 (III)] 4. Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters [established by GA Resolution 37/99 K] Councils and panels[edit] The newest council is the United Nations Human Rights Council, which replaced the aforementioned UNCHR in March 2006. There are a total of four councils and one panel.[30] Working Groups and other[edit] There is a varied group of working groups and other subsidiary bodies. [30] Seating[edit] Countries are seated alphabetically in the General Assembly according to English translations of the countries' names. However, the country which occupies the front-most left position (and hence the countries' seating position in the Assembly) is rotated annually by lot. [23] One country is balloted each year to sit in the front-most left position, and the remaining countries follow alphabetically behind it. [23] Reform and UNPA[edit] Main article: Reform of the United Nations See also: United Nations Parliamentary Assembly On 21 March 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan presented a report, In Larger Freedom, that criticized the General Assembly for focusing so much on consensus that it was passing watereddown resolutions reflecting "the lowest common denominator of widely different opinions." He also criticized the Assembly for trying to address too broad an agenda, instead of focusing on "the major substantive issues of the day, such as international migration and the long-debated comprehensive convention on terrorism". Annan recommended streamlining the General Assembly's agenda, committee structure, and procedures; strengthening the role and authority of its president; enhancing the role of civil society; and establishing a mechanism to review the decisions of its committees, in order to minimize unfunded mandates andmicromanagement of the United Nations Secretariat. Annan reminded UN members of their responsibility to implement reforms, if they expect to realize improvements in UN effectiveness.[31] The reform proposals were not taken up by the United Nations World Summit in September 2005. Instead, the Summit solely affirmed the central position of the General Assembly as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations, as well as the role of the Assembly in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law. The Summit also called for strengthening the relationship between the General Assembly and the other principal organs to ensure better coordination on topical issues that required coordinated action by the United Nations, in accordance with their respective mandates.[citation needed] A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, or United Nations People's Assembly (UNPA), is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that eventually could allow for direct election of UN parliament members by citizens all over the world. In the General Debate of the 65th General Assembly, Jorge Valero, representing Venezuela, said "The United Nations has exhausted its model and it is not simply a matter of proceeding with reform, the twenty-first century demands deep changes that are only possible with a rebuilding of this organisation." He pointed to the futility of resolutions concerning the Cuban embargo and the Middle East conflict as reasons for the UN model having failed. Venezuela also called for the suspension of veto rights in the Security Council because it was a "remnant of the Second World War [it] is incompatible with the principle of sovereign equality of States." [32] Reform[edit] Reform of the United Nations General Assembly includes proposals to change the powers and composition of theU.N. General Assembly. This could include, for example, tasking the UNGA with evaluating how well member states implement UNGA resolutions,[33] increasing the power of the assembly vis- -vis the United Nations Security Council, or making debates more constructive and less repetitive.[34] History of the United Nations List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations Interpretation Service United Nations System Reform of the United Nations Notes[edit] 1. Jump up^ CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS: Chapter IV Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. UN.org. 2. Jump up^ General Assembly: Subsidiary organs at UN.org. 3. Jump up^ The annual session convenes on Tuesday of the third week in September per Resolution 57/301, Para. 1. The opening debate begins the following Tuesday. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp? symbol=A/INF/70/1 4. ^ Jump up to: General Assembly of the United Nations. Un.org. a b Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 5. ^ Jump up to: Population, total | Data | Table. a b Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 6. Jump up^ "History of United Nations 1941 - 1950". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved12 March 2015. 7. Jump up^ (in French) "Gen ve renoue avec sa tradition de ville de paix", Le Temps, Thursday 16 January 2014. 8. Jump up^ "Research Guide: General Assembly". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. 9. Jump up^ "General Assembly of the United Nations". 10. Jump up^ General Assembly Adopts Work Programme for SixtyFourth Session, UN General Assembly Adopts Work Programme for Sixty-Fourth Session 11. Jump up^ UN Plenary Meetings of the 64th Session of the UN General Assembly, General Assembly of the UN 12. Jump up^ UN Security Council : Resolutions, Presidential Statements, Meeting Records, SC Press Releases Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 13. Jump up^ United Nations Department of Management. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 14. Jump up^ Grolier: The New Book of Knowledge (Encyclopedia), book U/V, Article: United Nations (pg. 65), article by Leland Goodrich 15. Jump up^ "UN GA Special Session on HIV/AIDS". www.un.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 16. Jump up^ "Event: Special Session of the General Assembly on the Follow-Up to the Programme of Action of the ICPD | Sustainable Development Policy & Practice | IISD Reporting Services". sd.iisd.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 17. Jump up^ "Special Session of the General Assembly UNGASS 2016". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-16. 18. Jump up^ Fassihi, Farnaz, "U.N. Conference on Drugs Ends Without Shift in Policy", Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-25. 19. Jump up^ Belk, Joey (2016-03-19). "How to travel in one of the most dangerous cities in the world and still be fresh.". Nation19 Magazine / APDTA. Nation19 Magazine / APDTA. Retrieved 201702-02. 20. Jump up^ "The Museum of Drug Policy Wants You to Speak Your Truth | Mass Appeal". Mass Appeal. 2016-04-20. Retrieved201702-03. 21. Jump up^ "Brazil s President Rousseff to be First Woman to Open United Nations". Fox News. 20 September 2011. Retrieved29 September 2015. 22. Jump up^ "Historical Personalities and Diplomats: Oswaldo Aranha". Brazilian Ministry of External Relations. 23. ^ Jump up to: "Thailand's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session". United Nations. 2 August 2005. a b c 24. Jump up^ "UN: King Felipe VI of Spain and Ban Ki-moon Discuss Western Sahara". Morocco World News. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 25. Jump up^ "In U.N. Speech, Obama Vows to Fight ISIS Network of Death ". New York Times. 24 September 2014. Retrieved25 September 2014. 26. Jump up^ UNGA Emergency Special Sessions. UN.org. 27. Jump up^ Tenth Emergency Special Session. Un.org. Retrieved on 13 november 2014. 28. Jump up^ https://www.un.org/ga/61/background/committees.shtm[permanent dead link] 29. Jump up^ Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly, UN General Assembly Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly Commities 30. ^ Jump up to: "UN General Assembly". a b 31. Jump up^ "In Larger Freedom, Chapter 5". United Nations. 32. Jump up^ "Statement by Ambassador Jorge Valero DeputyMinister for North America and Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations at the 65th Session of the Plenary of the United Nations General Assembly. New York, September 29, 2010". 33. Jump up^ "REVITALIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY" (PDF). Globalpolicy.org. Retrieved 11 January2015. 34. Jump up^ "The Role of the UN General Assembly". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 11 January 2015. External links[edit] United Nations portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations General Assembly. Wikisource has several original texts related to:United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Webcast archive for the UN General Assembly Subsection of the overall UN webcast site Verbatim record of the 1st session of the UN General Assembly, Jan. 1946 UN Democracy: hyper linked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council UN General Assembly Documentation Research Guide Council on Foreign Relations: The Role of the UN General Assembly [show] v t e United Nations General Assembly sessions [show] v t e Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly [show] v t e United Nations [show] v t e Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF: 141511717 LCCN: n79007295 ISNI: 0000 0001 2171 4246 GND: 2005003-3 SELIBR: 232389 SUDOC: 026550059 BNF: cb118776683 (data) NLA: 35561878 NKC: kn20010710266 BNE: XX104766 Categories: Lists of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations General Assembly 1945 establishments in the United States Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Read Edit View history Search Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Article Talk Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu Az rbaycanca ( ) Bosanski Catal e tina Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espa ol Esperanto Euskara F royskt Fran ais Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia slenska Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Latvie u Lietuvi Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokm l Norsk nynorsk O zbekcha/ Polski Portugu s Rom n Scots Simple English Sloven ina Sloven ina Soomaaliga / srpski Srpskohrvatski / Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska /tatar a T rk e Ti ng Vi t Walon Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017, at 04:17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Wiki Loves Earth photo contest: Upload photos of natural heritage sites in India to help Wikipedia and win fantastic prizes! List of specialized agencies of the United Nations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the coordinating machinery of the United Nations Economic and Social Council at the intergovernmental level, and through the Chief Executives Board for coordination (CEB) at the intersecretariat level.[1] Specialized agencies may or may not have been originally created by the United Nations, but they are incorporated into the United Nations System by the United Nations Economic and Social Council acting under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter. At present the UN has in total 15[2][3][4] specialized agencies that carry out various functions on behalf of the UN. The specialized agencies are listed below.[5] Contents [hide] 1Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 3International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 4International Labour Organization (ILO) 5International Maritime Organization (IMO) 6International Monetary Fund (IMF) 7International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 8United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 9United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 10Universal Postal Union (UPU) 11World Bank Group (WBG) o 11.1International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) o 11.2International Finance Corporation (IFC) o 11.3International Development Association (IDA) 12World Health Organization (WHO) 13World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 14World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 15World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 16Former specialized agencies 17Related organizations o 17.1Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission o 17.2International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) o 17.3International Organization for Migration (IOM) o 17.4Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons o 17.5World Trade Organization (WTO) 18Summary 19See also 20References 21External links Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)[edit] Main article: Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Logo. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO's mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy. FAO is the largest of UN agencies and its headquarters is in Rome, Italy. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)[edit] ICAO flag. Main article: International Civil Aviation Organization The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was founded in 1947. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier international de Montr al of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In addition, ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention. It also solves disputes between two countries.[citation needed] International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [edit] Main article: International Fund for Agricultural Development The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was established as an international financial institution in 1977, as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference and a response to the situation in the Sahel. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries. Its headquarters are in Rome, Italy. International Labour Organization (ILO)[edit] ILO flag. Main article: International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization (ILO) deals with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a member of the UN system after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. ItsConstitution, as amended to date, includes the Declaration of Philadelphia on the aims and purposes of the Organization. Its secretariat is known as the International Labor Office. International Maritime Organization (IMO)[edit] IMO flag. Main article: International Maritime Organization The International Maritime Organization (IMO), formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948 through the United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety and related practices. However the IMO did not enter into full force until 1958. Headquartered in London, United Kingdom, the IMO promotes cooperation among government and the shipping industry to improve maritime safety and to prevent marine pollution. IMO is governed by an Assembly of members and is financially administered by a Council of members elected from the Assembly. The work of IMO is conducted through five committees and these are supported by technical sub-committees. Member organizations of the UN organizational family may observe the proceedings of the IMO. Observer status may be granted to qualified non-governmental organizations. The IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of its members. The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by the Assembly, and various divisions including, inter alia, marine safety, environmental protection, and a conference section. International Monetary Fund (IMF)[edit] Main article: International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund (IMF) is sometimes considered to be a specialized agency. It is part of the United Nations system and has a formal relationship agreement with the UN, but retains its independence.[6] The IMF provides monetary cooperation and financial stability and acts as a forum for advice, negotiation and assistance on financial issues. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States of America. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)[edit] Main article: International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was established to standardize and regulate international radio andtelecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris on 17 May 1865. Its main tasks includestandardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls in which regard it performs for telecommunications a similar function to what the UPU performs for postal services. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, next to the main United Nations campus. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)[edit] UNESCO flag. Main article: UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1946 with its headquarters in Paris, France. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)[edit] Main article: United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations, which promotes inclusive and sustainable industrial development(ISID), headquartered in Vienna, Austria. The Organization addresses some of the most pressing issues of our time, and works to accelerate economic growth in order to bring prosperity to all while at the same time safeguarding the environment. UNIDO s mandate is fully aligned with the global development agenda, which underlines the central role of industrialization and its importance as a key enabler for all 17 Global Goals, and especially for SDG9. The Director General is Li Yong. Universal Postal Union (UPU)[edit] UPU flag. Main article: Universal Postal Union The Universal Postal Union (UPU), headquartered in Berne, Switzerland, coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the worldwide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set of terms for conducting international postal duties. World Bank Group (WBG)[edit] Main article: World Bank Group The World Bank Group is part of the United Nations system and has a formal relationship agreement with the UN, but retains its independence.[6] The WBG comprises a group of five legally separate but affiliated institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Its mission is to fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results and to help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors. The WBG headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., United States of America. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) [edit] Main article: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The IBRD makes loans to developing countries for development programmes with the stated goal of reducing poverty. It is part of the World Bank Group (WBG). International Finance Corporation (IFC)[edit] Main article: International Finance Corporation The IFC is the largest multilateral source of loan and equity financing for private sector projects in the developing world. It is part of the World Bank Group(WBG). International Development Association (IDA) [edit] Main article: International Development Association The IDA's mandate is close to that of IBRD, with the focus on the poorest countries. It is part of the World Bank Group(WBG). World Health Organization (WHO)[edit] WHO flag. Main article: World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) acts as a coordinating authority on international public health and deals with health and sanitation and diseases and sends medical teams to help combat epidemics. Established on 7 April 1948, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. It was established in April 7, 1948 when 26 members of the United Nations ratified its Constitution. April 7 is celebrated as the World Health Day every year. The WHO is governed by 194 Member States through the World Health Assembly. Its headquarters are at Geneva in Switzerland. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)[edit] Main article: World Intellectual Property Organization The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1967 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Its purpose is to encourage creative activity and to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. The organization administers several treaties concerning the protection ofintellectual property rights. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)[edit] WMO flag. Main article: World Meteorological Organization The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations for modern meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)[edit] Main article: World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) was established in 1974 in Madrid, Spain, to replace the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organizations (IUOTPO). UNWTO has 160 member states and 350 affiliated members representing private organizations, educational institutions and others. It is headquartered in Madrid, Spain. The World Tourism Organization serves as a forum for tourism policies and acts as a practical source for tourism know-how. Former specialized agencies[edit] The only UN specialized agency to go out of existence is the International Refugee Organization, which existed from 1946 to 1952. In 1952, it was replaced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (headquartered inGeneva, Switzerland), which is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly. Related organizations[edit] This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) There are many other intergovernmental organizations that have concluded cooperation agreements with the United Nations like, IOM, UNIDO, WFP, IMSO (International Mobile Satellite Organization) and many more. In terms of cooperation structures, some agreements come very close to the relationship agreements concluded under articles 57 and 63 of the UN Charter with the specialized agencies, but due to Charter requirements that the agencies deal with "economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields", organizations with such agreements are not formally specialized agencies of the United Nations.[7][8][9][10][11][12] The IAEA established such an agreement with the UN in 1957, and the OPCW and the CTBTO used this model for agreements of their own with the UN.[11][12][13] Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission[edit] Main article: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission preparatory commission is tasked with preparing the activities of the nuclear non-proliferation organization. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [edit] IAEA flag. Main article: International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nucleartechnology. It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. The IAEA was set up as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Prior to this, in 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhowerenvisioned the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy, in his "Atoms for Peace" speech before the UN General Assembly.[14] The organization and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize announced on 7 October 2005. As of March 2015, the IAEA's membership is 164 countries.[15] Due to historical reasons and the political nature of its work, the IAEA is not a specialized agency. Instead, its relationship to the United Nations is governed by a special agreement as well as by its statute that commits the IAEA to report annually to the General Assembly and, when appropriate, to the Security Council.[16] International Organization for Migration (IOM)[edit] Main article: International Organization for Migration Since September 2016, IOM is a related organization to the United Nations.IOM Becomes a Related Organization to the UN Headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons[edit] Main article: Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organization, located in The Hague, Netherlands. The organization promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention which prohibits of the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction. The verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by members states and on-site inspections. World Trade Organization (WTO)[edit] Main article: World Trade Organization The WTO was established instead of the failed proposal for a specialized agency dealing with trade issues, theInternational Trade Organization. WTO headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Summary[edit] N o . - L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion United UN Nations Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Unite d States Lo ca tio n (C ity ) New York City Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states 1945 1920 t he U N mem bers Other participants observer states:Holy See,Palestine observer entities: Order of Malta observer regional organizations: [17] European Union other observer entities and organizations[18] associate members: Faroe Islands, Tokelau Ma p and refe renc e [1] Specialized agencies 1 Food and Agricul ture Organi zation FAO Italy Rom e 1945 t he U N mem berse xcept Liech tenst ein C ook Islan member organization:Europe an Union [2] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e ds,Ni ue 2 3 Internat ional Civil Aviatio ICAO n Organi zation Internat IFAD ional Fund for Agricul tural Develo pment Cana da Italy Mont real Rom e 1947 1977 t he U N mem berse xcept Domi nica, Liech tenst ein, Tuval u C ook Islan ds t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Austr alia, Bahr ain, Belar us, Brun ei, Bulg [3] observers: Holy See [4] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states aria, Czec h Repu blic, Latvi a, Liech tenst ein, Lithu ania, Feder ated State s of Micr onesi a, Mon aco, Mont enegr o, Palau , Polan d, Russi a, San Mari no, Serbi a, Singa pore, Slove nia, Slova kia, Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e Turk meni stan, Ukrai ne C ook Islan ds,Ni ue 4 Internat ional Labour ILO Organi zation S Gene witze va rland 1919 t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Bhut an, Liech tenst ein, Micr onesi a, Mon aco, Naur u, Nort h Kore a, Tong a [5] N o . 5 L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Internat IMO ional Mariti me Organi zation Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Unite d King dom Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Lond on Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed 1959 Memb ers states t he U N mem berse xcept Afgh anist an, Ando rra, Arme nia, Belar us, Bhut an, Bots wana , Burki na Faso, Buru ndi, Centr al Afric an Repu blic, Chad , Kyrg yzsta n, Laos, Lesot ho, Liech tenst Other participants associate members: Faroe Islands, Hong Kong, Macao Ma p and refe renc e [6] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e ein, Mali, Micr onesi a, Naur u, Niger , Rwa nda, Sout h Suda n, Swaz iland, Tajiki stan, Uzbe kista n, Zam bia 6 Internat IMF ional Moneta ry Fund Wash Unite ingto n, d States D.C. 1945 C ook Islan ds t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Cuba , [7] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e Liech tenst ein, Mon aco, and Nort h Kore a; 7 8 Internat ional Teleco ITU mmuni cation Union United UNES Nations CO Educati onal, Scientif ic and Cultura l Organi zation S Gene witze va rland Paris Franc e 1865 1946 K osov o t he U N mem berse xcept Palau V atica n City t he U N mem berse xcept Liech tenst ein observers:Palesti ne [8] 1922 associate members:Aruba, Bri tish Virgin Islands,Cayman Islands,Cura ao, Far oe Islands, Macau,Sint Maarten,Tokelau observers: Holy C See [9] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states ook Islan ds,Ni ue,Pa lestin e 9 United UNID Nations O Industri al Develo pment Organi zation Austr ia Vien na 1985 Other participants NOC only:Liech tenstein,Hong Kong,Bermuda, Gua m,American Samoa, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands observers: Holy See, Order of Malta Ma p and refe renc e 1966 t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Antig ua and Barb uda, Austr alia, Brun ei, Cana da, Eston ia, Icela nd, Kirib ati, Latvi a, Liech tenst ein, Lithu ania, [10] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Mars hall Islan ds, Micr onesi a, Naur u, New Zeala nd (as of 31 Dece mber 2013 ), Palau , San Mari no, Singa pore, Solo mon Islan ds, Sout h Suda n, Unite d King dom, Unite d State s Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states 10 Univers al UPU Postal Union S witze Bern rland, 1874 11 World Bank Group WBG Wash Unite ingto n, d States D.C. 1945 t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Mars hall Islan ds, the Feder ated State s of Micr onesi a, Palau Other participants member countries:Aruba, Cur a aoand Sint Maarten, British Overseas Territories Ma p and refe renc e [11] observers:Palesti ne V atica n City t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Cuba , Liech tenst ein, [12] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e Mon aco, Nort h Kore a 12 13 World Health Organi zation World Intellec tual Propert y Organi zation WHO WIPO S Gene witze va rland S Gene witze va rland 1948 1967 K osov o t he U N mem berse xcept Liech tenst ein 1907 C ook Islan ds,Ni ue t he U N mem berse xcept Mars hall Islan ds, Micr onesi associate members:Puerto Rico,Tokelau observers:Chine se Taipei,Holy See,Palestine, Order of Malta [13] observers:Palesti ne [14] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e a, Naur u, Palau , Solo mon Islan ds, Timo rLeste , Sout h Suda n 14 World Meteor ologica l Organi zation WMO S Gene witze va rland 1950 H oly See, Niue t he U N mem berse xcept Ando rra, Equa torial Guin ea, Gren ada, Liech tenst ein, 1873 member territories: BritishCa [15] ribbean Territories,Curacao a ndSint Maartin,French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau,New Caledonia N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e Mars hall Islan ds, Naur u, Palau , Saint Kitts and Nevi s, Saint Vinc ent and the Gren adine s, and San Mari no 15 World Touris m Organi zation UNW TO Spain Madr id 1974 C ook Islan ds,Ni ue t he U N mem berse xcept Antig ua 1925 associate members:Aruba, Fle mish Community,Hong Kong,Macau, Madei ra,Puerto Rico observers: Holy [16] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states and Barb uda, Barb ados, Belgi um, Beliz e, Cana da, Com oros, Den mark, Domi nica, Eston ia, Finla nd, Gren ada, Guya na, Icela nd, Irela nd, Kirib ati, Liber ia, Liech tenst ein, Luxe mbou rg, Mars hall Other participants See, Palestine Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Islan ds, Micr onesi a, Mya nmar, Naur u, New Zeala nd, Palau , Saint Kitts and Nevi s, Saint Lucia , Saint Vinc ent and the Gren adine s, Samo a, Singa pore, Solo mon Islan ds, Soma lia, Surin Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e ame, Swed en, Tong a, Trini dad and Toba go, Tuval u, Unite d Arab Emir ates, Unite d King dom, Unite d State s Related organizations 16 Compr ehensiv e Nuclear -TestBan Treaty Organi zation Prepara tory Commi ssion CTBT O Prep Com Austr ia Vien na 1996 t he U N mem berse xcept Bhut an, Cuba , Domi nica, India, [17] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e Maur itius, Nort h Kore a, Pakis tan, Saudi Arabi a, Soma lia, Sout h Suda n, Syria , Tong a, Tuval u 17 Internat IAEA ional Atomic Energy Agency Austr ia Vien na 1957 C ook Islan ds,H oly See a ndNi ue t he U N mem berse xcept Ando [18] N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states rra, Bhut an, Cape Verd e, Com oros, Equa torial Guin ea, Gam bia, Gren ada, Guin ea, Guin eaBissa u, Kirib ati, Mald ives, Micr onesi a, Naur u, Nort h Kore a, Saint Kitts and Nevi s, Saint Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Lucia , Saint Vinc ent and the Gren adine s, Samo a, S o Tom and Pr nc ipe, Solo mon Islan ds, Soma lia, Sout h Suda n, Surin ame, Timo rLeste , Tong a, Tuval u H oly See Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states 18 19 Organis ation for the Prohibi OPC tion of W Chemic al Weapo ns World Trade Organi zation WTO Nethe Hagu rland e s S Gene witze va rland 1997 1995 t he U N mem berse xcept Egyp t, Israel , Nort h Kore a and Sout h Suda n C ook Islan ds,H oly See a ndNi ue t he U N mem berse xcept Alger ia, Ando rra, Azer baija Other participants Ma p and refe renc e [19] 1948 observers:Algeri a, Andorra,Azerbaija n,Bahamas,Belarus, [20] Bhutan,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Comor os,Equatorial Guinea,Ethiopia, Ira n,Iraq, Lebanon,Lib ya, S o Tom and Pr ncipe,Serbia, Sud an,Syria,Uzbekistan, Holy See N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states n, Baha mas, Belar us, Bhut an, Bosn ia and Herz egovi na, Com oros, Equa torial Guin ea, Eritre a, Ethio pia, Iran, Iraq, Kirib ati, Leba non, Liby a, Mars hall Islan ds, Micr onesi a, Mon aco, Naur Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Ab bre viat ion Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states u, Nort h Kore a, Palau , San Mari no, S o Tom and Pr nc ipe, Serbi a, Soma lia, Sout h Suda n, Suda n, Syria , Timo rLeste , Turk meni stan, Tuval u, Uzbe kista n c usto Other participants Ma p and refe renc e N o . L o g o Offi cial nam e Lo cat ion (C ou ntr y) Ab bre viat ion Lo ca tio n (C ity ) Est abl ish ed Pr ecu rso r est abl ish ed Memb ers states Other participants Ma p and refe renc e ms territ orym embe rs:Eu ropea n Unio n, Ho ng Kong , Mac au,C hines e Taipe i See also[edit] United Nations portal United Nations System United Nations Charter League of Nations organizations List of supranational environmental agencies References[edit] 1. Jump up^ "The United Nations System" (PDF). Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 9 January 2008. 2. Jump up^ "REPERTORY OF PRACTICE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANSSUPPLEMENT No. 10 (2000-2009) - ARTICLE 17(3)" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2013-09-18.The number of specialized agencies thus rose to fifteen. 3. Jump up^ "The Specialized Agencies". 4. Jump up^ Eckart Klein: United Nations, Specialized Agencies, para.9. In: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. 5. Jump up^ UN structure and organization, Specialized Agencies 6. ^ Jump up to: "REPERTORY OF PRACTICE OF UNITED a b NATIONS ORGANSSUPPLEMENT NO. 9 (1995-1999) - VOLUME II - ARTICLE 17(3)" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved2013-09-18. 7. Jump up^ List of Agreements between Specialized Agencies and the United Nations 8. Jump up^ "The UN System, Chief Executives Board for Coordination". Unsceb.org. Retrieved 2013-01-22.: "The Executive Heads of IAEA and WTO are invited to meetings of the CEB like any other specialized agency head." 9. Jump up^ The United Nations System chart, Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information, December 2007 10. Jump up^ Organizational Chart of the UN System and the CEB 11. ^ Jump up to: Bothe, Michael; Ronzitti, Natalino; Rosas, Allan, a b eds. (1998). The New Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation and Prospects. Kluwer Law International. p. 6. The Organization is not a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN), but it will have a special relationship with it, to be organized on the basis of an agreement between the two organizations. It could not be a specialized agency within the meaning of Articles 57 and 63 of the UN Charter, as these provisions presuppose that the functions of the agency fall within the powers of the UN Economic and Social Council, which is clearly not the case with the OPCW. Its status will rather be comparable to that of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 12. ^ Jump up to: Lattanzi, Flavia; Schabas, William, eds. a b (20014).Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 2. Il Sirente. p. 64. Check date values in:|date= (help) 13. Jump up^ "International Affairs". 53 ("4-6"). Znanye Publishing House. 2007: 63. Retrieved 2013-01-30. IAEA, for example, is not a UN specialized agency. It submits annual reports to the UN General Assembly and to the Security Council, when necessary. If any questions arise that fall within the purview of the Security Council, the IAEA notifies the SC accordingly. The IAEA's special relationship with the UN and UN SC is also specified in an agreement between the IAEA and the UN in 1957. Under this agreement the IAEA cooperates with the Security Council by furnishing it, at its request, with such information and assistance as may be required in the exercise of its responsibility for maintenance or restoration of international peace and security. This agreement has since served as a model for UN agreements with nonproliferation organizations such as the OPCW and the CTBTO 14. Jump up^ About IAEA: History 15. Jump up^ About IAEA: By the Numbers 16. Jump up^ Johan Rautenbach: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), para.2. In: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. 17. Jump up^ Regional organizations allowed by their member states to speak on their behalf. 18. Jump up^ Listed in the table are only these UN observers that participate in the 15 specialized agencies, IAEA, ICJ and WTO. External links[edit] UN official site Flow chart of the UN system [hide] v t e United Nations Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General United Nations Ant nio Guterres, Secretary-General United Nations Charter System Principal organs Peter Thomson, General Assembly President Preamble General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary-General Deputy Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDAF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNOCHA UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU-OP UNU-CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO New York (headquarters, library) Geneva Palace of Nations Principal offices Nairobi Vienna UN organizations by location Full members Founding members Members / UNSC Permanent members Observers Observers European Union League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations History Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno-Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Secretary-General (2006 2016) International Court of Justice 2011 Elections General Assembly President (2012 2016) Security Council (2015 2016) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Outline UN television film series (1964 1966) Other In popular culture Authority NDL: 00566425 control Categories: United Nations specialized agencies Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Read Edit View history Search Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Article Talk Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Esperanto Polski Portugu s Shqip /tatar a Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017, at 23:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Wiki Loves Earth photo contest: Upload photos of natural heritage sites in India to help Wikipedia and win fantastic prizes! India and the United Nations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Republic of India United Nations membership Membership Full member Since 30 October 1945 UNSC seat Non-permanent Permanent Representative Syed Akbaruddin Prime Minister Modi with the thenUN Secretary-General, 2014 India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed theDeclaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[1] India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011 12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77. India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of itsspecialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[2][3] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[4] Contents [hide] 1History 2Activities o 2.1UN General Assembly o 2.2UN Security Council 2.2.1Activities during 1947-1962 2.2.2The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976 2.2.3Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC 3Others o 3.1International Court of Justice o 3.2UN Audit o 3.3Joint Inspection Unit o 3.4Model United Nations 4Peacekeeping 5Initiatives o 5.1International Yoga Day o 5.2Plea for International Equality Day 6Financial contribution 7Representation 8See also 9References 10External links History[edit] 1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru with President of the United Nations General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo in October 1949. Also seen Jawaharlal Nehru and V. K. Krishna Menon in United Nations in December 1956. Indian Mission to the UN Headquarters in New York 1st Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru at the UN General Assembly in 1948. India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[5] India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpaiwho was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[6] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947. Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism andapartheid. India's status as a founding member of the NonAligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid andracial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[7] Activities[edit] UN General Assembly[edit] Prime Minister Modi addressing theUN General Assembly, 2014 India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj.[8] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947 48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[9][10] In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953.[11] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave".[12] Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When theConvention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22. India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of theG-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums. UN Security Council[edit] Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission. Activities during 1947-1962[edit] Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative.[14] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through the Uniting for Peace Resolution, dismissed Hammarskj ld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.[15] India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[16][17] The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948. [18] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of a plebiscite.[19] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers. [20] According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[21] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[22] But for the Soviet veto in favour of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.[18][23] The required council seat was then held by the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan). Prime Minister Nehru categorically denied receiving any such offer, formal or informal in parliament itself on 27 September 1955 while replying an answer to Dr. J.N. Parekh.[25] Even if India were to accept such offers assuming they were made, it would have required the United Nations charter to be amended to include India in place of the Republic of China in the Security Council or to expand the Council. It is not known whether the Taiwanese government representing China's seat at the time in the Security Council would have vetoed the amendment or accepted the amendment under US pressure as Taiwan was solely dependent on the US for its protection from mainland China. [24] Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 19521962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[26][27] The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976[edit] India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its selfconfidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[28] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singhdramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[29] In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[30] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971. In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament. [18]From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[31] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities. Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC[edit] Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council Countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat. India Support by UN Members India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia andPakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina. India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organization composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[32] According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers. India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's seventh largest economy and third largest in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the third largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan, [33][34] all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[33] Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon. Others[edit] International Court of Justice[edit] Main articles: International Court of Justice and Judges of the International Court of Justice From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. UN Audit[edit] In November 2016, Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Shashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.[35] Joint Inspection Unit[edit] Main article: Joint Inspection Unit Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. A Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post. [36][37] Model United Nations[edit] Main article: Model United Nations The logo of the BESC Assembly of Nations, organised by the Bhawanipur Education Society College, inKolkata, West Bengal, India. In 1996, the Cathedral Model United Nations was hosted by The Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai. Since then, schools in India started taking up Model United Nations as an activity in their school. Peacekeeping[edit] Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo Main article: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN. [33] The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions.[38] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[39] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded. In service to the United Nations, Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR and Jai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force. According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.[40] As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations. [41] Initiatives[edit] International Yoga Day[edit] On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as the International Yoga Day,[42] recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations. [43] Plea for International Equality Day[edit] In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time. [44] India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day. [45][46] Financial contribution[edit] For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was 2,440,000,000 (US$38 million), [47] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal.[47] India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget.[48] Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.[49] Representation[edit] Main article: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currently Syed Akbaruddin, who was appointed in January 2016.[50] See also[edit] India portal United Nations portal International relations portal United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNHCR Representation in India Foreign relations of India G4 nations References[edit] 1. Jump up^ "Member States | United Nations". Un.org. Retrieved2016-04-27. 2. Jump up^ Kim ChanWahn. "The Role of India in the Korean War*". Ias.sagepub.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 3. Jump up^ [1] 4. Jump up^ "BBC News - Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack". Bbc.co.uk. 20 December 2013. Retrieved9 February 2014. 5. Jump up^ "Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers". Worldometers.info. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 6. Jump up^ htm 7. Jump up^ [2] 8. Jump up^ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. Retrieved9 February 2014. 9. Jump up^ Jain, Devaki (2005). Women, Development and the UN. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 20. 10. Jump up^ [3] 11. Jump up^ "India - United Nations". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved9 February 2014. 12. Jump up^ " Nothing common and there is no wealth - Indian Express". Archive.indianexpress.com. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 13. Jump up^ "India - United Nations". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved21 October 2011. 14. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55 7. 15. Jump up^ Brecher, Michael (1968). India and World Politics. New York: Praeger. p. 308. 16. Jump up^ Hiscocks, Richard (1973). The Security Council. New York: The Free Press. pp. 168 82. 17. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. pp. 50 51. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b c "India and the United Nations" (PDF).Sreeranchaulia.net. Retrieved 2016-10-22. 19. Jump up^ C. Dasgupta (2002). War and Diplomacy in Kashmir,1947-48,. Sage Publications. p. 111. 20. Jump up^ "Terrorism, Kashmir 'festering sores' due to Nehru's mishandling: Advani". Financial Express. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 21. Jump up^ B. Chellaney (1999). Securing India s Future in the New Millennium. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 545. 22. Jump up^ M. Fisher (1962). Goa in Wider Perspective. 2. Asian Survey. 23. Jump up^ [4] [dead link] 24. Jump up^ Wax, Emily; Lakshmi, Rama (8 November 2010)."Obama supports adding India as a permanent member of UN Security Council". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved21 October 2011. 25. Jump up^ "Miscellaneous / This Day That Age : dated September 28, 1955: UN seat: Nehru clarifies". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 9 February2014. 26. Jump up^ "V K Krishna Menon". India-today.com. Retrieved9 February 2014. 27. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. p. 51. 28. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. 29. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69 72. 30. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. p. 53. 31. Jump up^ "India seeks Japan's support, calls NPT 'flawed'". Whereincity.com. 24 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 25 November2010. 32. Jump up^ "Joint UK-France Summit Declaration". British Prime Minister s Office. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December2008. 33. ^ Jump up to: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2 January2015. a b c 34. Jump up^ "UN says peacekeepers overstretched - Americas". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 October 2011. 35. Jump up^ "Archive: United Nations Board of Auditors". United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. 36. Jump up^ "Archive: India beats China s shut-up envoy - Victory in first direct contest in UN". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. 37. Jump up^ "Archive: India s nominee to be re-appointed to UN Joint Inspection Unit". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November2016. 38. Jump up^ "Past peacekeeping operations". United Nations Peacekeeping. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 39. Jump up^ "United Nations Peacekeeping : Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 31 Aug 2016" (PDF). Un.org. Retrieved 2016-10-22. 40. Jump up^ "UN seeks Indian women military observers".Financialexpress.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 41. Jump up^ "Outgoing UN peacekeeping chief praises Indian troops". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 42. Jump up^ "United Nations declares 21 June as International Day of Yoga". United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2015. 43. Jump up^ "United Nations International Day of Yoga". United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2015. 44. Jump up^ "B R Ambedkar's birth anniversary to be observed for first time at UN". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 45. Jump up^ "Plea to UN to declare Ambedkar Jayanti 'World Equality Day'". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 46. Jump up^ "Will work with India to realize Ambedkar s vision, UN says". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April2016. 47. ^ Jump up to: "India's contribution to UN increases to Rs 244 a b crore". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 March 2017. 48. Jump up^ "The United Nations Democracy Fund: Status of Contributions By Cumulative Amount as at 13 April 2016" (PDF). Un.org. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 49. Jump up^ [5] 50. Jump up^ "India's New UN Envoy Meets His Pakistani Counterpart". Ndtv.com/. Retrieved 14 January 2016. External links[edit] Official website of the Permanent Mission of India to the UN Official website of the Ministry of External Affairs of India Wikimedia Commons has media related to India and the United Nations. [show] v t e Relations of the United Nations with its member states [show] v t e Foreign relations of India Categories: India and the United Nations Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Read Edit View history Search Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Article Talk Wikimedia Commons Languages Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017, at 21:48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Wiki Loves Earth photo contest: Upload photos of natural heritage sites in India to help Wikipedia and win fantastic prizes! India and the United Nations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Republic of India United Nations membership Membership Full member Since 30 October 1945 UNSC seat Non-permanent Permanent Representative Syed Akbaruddin Prime Minister Modi with the thenUN Secretary-General, 2014 India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed theDeclaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[1] India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011 12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77. India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of itsspecialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[2][3] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[4] Contents [hide] 1History 2Activities o 2.1UN General Assembly o 2.2UN Security Council History[edit] 2.2.1Activities during 1947-1962 2.2.2The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976 2.2.3Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC 3Others o 3.1International Court of Justice o 3.2UN Audit o 3.3Joint Inspection Unit o 3.4Model United Nations 4Peacekeeping 5Initiatives o 5.1International Yoga Day o 5.2Plea for International Equality Day 6Financial contribution 7Representation 8See also 9References 10External links 1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru with President of the United Nations General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo in October 1949. Also seen Jawaharlal Nehru and V. K. Krishna Menon in United Nations in December 1956. Indian Mission to the UN Headquarters in New York 1st Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru at the UN General Assembly in 1948. India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[5] India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpaiwho was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[6] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947. Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism andapartheid. India's status as a founding member of the NonAligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid andracial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[7] Activities[edit] UN General Assembly[edit] Prime Minister Modi addressing theUN General Assembly, 2014 India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj.[8] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947 48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[9][10] In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953.[11] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave".[12] Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When theConvention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22. India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of theG-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums. UN Security Council[edit] Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission. Activities during 1947-1962[edit] Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative.[14] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through the Uniting for Peace Resolution, dismissed Hammarskj ld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.[15] India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[16][17] The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948. [18] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of a plebiscite.[19] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers. [20] According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[21] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[22] But for the Soviet veto in favour of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.[18][23] The required council seat was then held by the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan). Prime Minister Nehru categorically denied receiving any such offer, formal or informal in parliament itself on 27 September 1955 while replying an answer to Dr. J.N. Parekh.[25] Even if India were to accept such offers assuming they were made, it would have required the United Nations charter to be amended to include India in place of the Republic of China in the Security Council or to expand the Council. It is not known whether the Taiwanese government representing China's seat at the time in the Security Council would have vetoed the amendment or accepted the amendment under US pressure as Taiwan was solely dependent on the US for its protection from mainland China. [24] Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 19521962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[26][27] The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976[edit] India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its selfconfidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[28] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singhdramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[29] In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[30] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971. In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament. [18]From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[31] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities. Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC[edit] Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council Countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat. India Support by UN Members India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia andPakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina. India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organization composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[32] According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers. India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's seventh largest economy and third largest in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the third largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan, [33][34] all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[33] Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon. Others[edit] International Court of Justice[edit] Main articles: International Court of Justice and Judges of the International Court of Justice From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. UN Audit[edit] In November 2016, Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Shashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.[35] Joint Inspection Unit[edit] Main article: Joint Inspection Unit Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. A Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post. [36][37] Model United Nations[edit] Main article: Model United Nations The logo of the BESC Assembly of Nations, organised by the Bhawanipur Education Society College, inKolkata, West Bengal, India. In 1996, the Cathedral Model United Nations was hosted by The Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai. Since then, schools in India started taking up Model United Nations as an activity in their school. Peacekeeping[edit] Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo Main article: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN. [33] The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions.[38] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[39] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded. In service to the United Nations, Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR and Jai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force. According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.[40] As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations. [41] Initiatives[edit] International Yoga Day[edit] On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as the International Yoga Day,[42] recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations. [43] Plea for International Equality Day[edit] In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time. [44] India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day. [45][46] Financial contribution[edit] For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was 2,440,000,000 (US$38 million), [47] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal.[47] India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget.[48] Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.[49] Representation[edit] Main article: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currently Syed Akbaruddin, who was appointed in January 2016.[50] See also[edit] India portal United Nations portal International relations portal United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNHCR Representation in India Foreign relations of India G4 nations References[edit] 1. Jump up^ "Member States | United Nations". Un.org. Retrieved2016-04-27. 2. Jump up^ Kim ChanWahn. "The Role of India in the Korean War*". Ias.sagepub.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 3. Jump up^ [1] 4. Jump up^ "BBC News - Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack". Bbc.co.uk. 20 December 2013. Retrieved9 February 2014. 5. Jump up^ "Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers". Worldometers.info. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 6. Jump up^ htm 7. Jump up^ [2] 8. Jump up^ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. Retrieved9 February 2014. 9. Jump up^ Jain, Devaki (2005). Women, Development and the UN. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 20. 10. Jump up^ [3] 11. Jump up^ "India - United Nations". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved9 February 2014. 12. Jump up^ " Nothing common and there is no wealth - Indian Express". Archive.indianexpress.com. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 13. Jump up^ "India - United Nations". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved21 October 2011. 14. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55 7. 15. Jump up^ Brecher, Michael (1968). India and World Politics. New York: Praeger. p. 308. 16. Jump up^ Hiscocks, Richard (1973). The Security Council. New York: The Free Press. pp. 168 82. 17. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. pp. 50 51. 18. ^ Jump up to: "India and the United Nations" (PDF).Sreeranchaulia.net. Retrieved 2016-10-22. a b c 19. Jump up^ C. Dasgupta (2002). War and Diplomacy in Kashmir,1947-48,. Sage Publications. p. 111. 20. Jump up^ "Terrorism, Kashmir 'festering sores' due to Nehru's mishandling: Advani". Financial Express. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2014. 21. Jump up^ B. Chellaney (1999). Securing India s Future in the New Millennium. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 545. 22. Jump up^ M. Fisher (1962). Goa in Wider Perspective. 2. Asian Survey. 23. Jump up^ [4] [dead link] 24. Jump up^ Wax, Emily; Lakshmi, Rama (8 November 2010)."Obama supports adding India as a permanent member of UN Security Council". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved21 October 2011. 25. Jump up^ "Miscellaneous / This Day That Age : dated September 28, 1955: UN seat: Nehru clarifies". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 9 February2014. 26. Jump up^ "V K Krishna Menon". India-today.com. Retrieved9 February 2014. 27. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. p. 51. 28. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. 29. Jump up^ Rana, Swadesh (1970). The Changing Indian Diplomacy at the United Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69 72. 30. Jump up^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (Spring 1980). India's Changing Role in the United Nations. 53. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. p. 53. 31. Jump up^ "India seeks Japan's support, calls NPT 'flawed'". Whereincity.com. 24 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 25 November2010. 32. Jump up^ "Joint UK-France Summit Declaration". British Prime Minister s Office. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December2008. 33. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2 January2015. 34. Jump up^ "UN says peacekeepers overstretched - Americas". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 October 2011. 35. Jump up^ "Archive: United Nations Board of Auditors". United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. 36. Jump up^ "Archive: India beats China s shut-up envoy - Victory in first direct contest in UN". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. 37. Jump up^ "Archive: India s nominee to be re-appointed to UN Joint Inspection Unit". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November2016. 38. Jump up^ "Past peacekeeping operations". United Nations Peacekeeping. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 39. Jump up^ "United Nations Peacekeeping : Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 31 Aug 2016" (PDF). Un.org. Retrieved 2016-10-22. 40. Jump up^ "UN seeks Indian women military observers".Financialexpress.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 41. Jump up^ "Outgoing UN peacekeeping chief praises Indian troops". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 42. Jump up^ "United Nations declares 21 June as International Day of Yoga". United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2015. 43. Jump up^ "United Nations International Day of Yoga". United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2015. 44. Jump up^ "B R Ambedkar's birth anniversary to be observed for first time at UN". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 45. Jump up^ "Plea to UN to declare Ambedkar Jayanti 'World Equality Day'". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 46. Jump up^ "Will work with India to realize Ambedkar s vision, UN says". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April2016. 47. ^ Jump up to: "India's contribution to UN increases to Rs 244 a b crore". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 March 2017. 48. Jump up^ "The United Nations Democracy Fund: Status of Contributions By Cumulative Amount as at 13 April 2016" (PDF). Un.org. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 49. Jump up^ [5] 50. Jump up^ "India's New UN Envoy Meets His Pakistani Counterpart". Ndtv.com/. Retrieved 14 January 2016. External links[edit] Official website of the Permanent Mission of India to the UN Official website of the Ministry of External Affairs of India Wikimedia Commons has media related to India and the United Nations. [show] v t e Relations of the United Nations with its member states [show] v t e Foreign relations of India Categories: India and the United Nations Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Read Edit View history Search Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Article Talk Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017, at 21:48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
|
