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UK GCSE 2008 : Physics Higher Tier, Paper 2

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2008 Paper 2 Higher Tier G7605 Science: Physics [G7605] FRIDAY 20 JUNE, MORNING TIME 1 hour 45 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Answer all five questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 125. Quality of written communication will be assessed in Question 4(a)(iii). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. Details of calculations should be shown. Units must be stated in numerical answers where appropriate. For Examiner s use only Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 Total Marks G762H8 3315 Marks 1 (a) (i) The moment of a force is sometimes called the turning effect of the force. How is the moment of a force calculated? Examiner Only Marks Remark __________________________________________________ [2] (ii) State the principle of moments. _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ [2] Philip balanced a plank of wood as shown in the diagram below. P He then placed a box on the left-hand side of the plank as shown below. He then placed a suitcase on the right-hand side. The suitcase was then moved along the plank, until the plank was again balanced. This is shown in the diagram below. 18 cm 20 cm Box Suitcase P W 150 N (iii) The box weighs 150 N. What is the moment of the weight of the box about the point P? You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Moment = _________________ [3] G762H8 3315 2 [Turn over (iv) The plank is balanced when the suitcase is 18 cm from the point P. Calculate the weight of the suitcase. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark Weight = ________ N [4] (b) (i) What is meant by the centre of mass (centre of gravity) of an object? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] The diagram shows a car on a steep slope. The centre of mass of the car is marked. Centre of mass (ii) Will the car topple over? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] G762H8 3315 3 [Turn over (c) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] Car A is at rest. Car B travelling at 12 m/s drives into the back of car A. As a result of this collision, both cars become stuck to each other and move forward as one. Car B 12 m/s At rest Car A Before the collision Car B Car A After the collision The mass of car A is 2100 kg. The mass of car B is 1500 kg. (ii) Calculate the momentum of car B, just before it collides with car A. Include in your answer the correct unit for momentum. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Momentum of car B before collision = _____________ [4] (iii) What is the total momentum of both cars immediately after the collision? Momentum of both cars after collision = _____________ [1] G762H8 3315 4 [Turn over (iv) Show that the velocity of both cars after the collision is 5 m/s. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark [4] (d) Peter, who has a mass of 80 kg, jumps out of an aeroplane. Just before he opens his parachute, he is falling with an acceleration of 6 m/s2. (i) Calculate the resultant force on Peter. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Resultant force = _____________ N [2] (ii) Calculate the upward frictional drag of the air, which is causing Peter s acceleration to be less than the acceleration due to gravity of 10 m/s2. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Upward frictional drag = __________________ N [3] G762H8 3315 5 [Turn over 2 (a) Describe, with the help of a diagram, an experiment to show the difference in emission of heat from dull black and shiny white surfaces. Examiner Only Marks Remark __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [5] (b) (i) Name the particle mainly responsible for the transfer of heat through a good conductor of heat, such as copper. ______________________ [1] (ii) Describe, in terms of this particle, how heat applied at one end of a good conductor passes through to the other end. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] G762H8 3315 6 [Turn over (iii) Name the particle mainly responsible for the transfer of heat through a thermal insulator, such as glass. Examiner Only Marks Remark ________________ [1] (iv) Describe, in terms of this particle, how heat applied at one end of a thermal insulator passes through to the other end. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] (c) A flat roof is insulated by filling the space between the ceiling and the roof using layers of mineral wool 10 cm thick. Wooden supports Roof Ceiling panels Mineral wool (i) Name two processes of heat transfer which are reduced by the presence of the mineral wool. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________ [2] G762H8 3315 7 [Turn over The owner of the house is told that a 20 cm depth of mineral wool would give much better heat insulation. He removes the ceiling panels, adds another 10 cm depth of mineral wool and replaces the ceiling panels, squeezing what is now 20 cm of insulation into the 10 cm gap between the roof and the ceiling. Examiner Only Marks Remark (ii) Explain why this will not improve the insulation. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (d) Kevin is working out at his local leisure centre. He raises a bar and weights that weigh, in total, 400 N. (i) In raising the bar he does 140 J of work each time. Calculate the vertical height he raises the bar. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Vertical height = _____________ [4] G762H8 3315 8 [Turn over (ii) Over a period of 1 minute, raising the bar requires an average power of 84 W. How many times does he lift the bar and weights in this 1 minute? You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark Number of bar lifts in 1 minute = _____________ [4] G762H8 3315 9 [Turn over 3 (a) A stone falls into a pool of water and causes a wave. The wave causes a cork floating on the surface to move. Examiner Only Marks Remark Falling stone Cork Water surface The graph below shows how the displacement of the cork from its original position varies with time. +5 Displacement of cork in cm 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 Time in seconds (i) Use the graph to find how long it takes a complete wavelength to pass the cork. Time = ___________ s [1] (ii) Calculate the frequency of the water wave. Frequency = _____________ Hz [2] (iii) The horizontal distance between one peak of the water wave and the next peak is 0.8 m. Use this information and your answer to part (ii) to calculate the speed of the water wave. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Speed = _________ m/s [4] G762H8 3315 10 [Turn over (b) A single sound is made by hitting a metal plate with a small hammer as shown below. The microphone is connected to a timer. The timer starts when the sound first reaches the microphone and stops when the sound next reaches the microphone. Hammer Metal plate Examiner Only Marks Remark Wall Microphone Timer 0.00 1.5 m (i) Describe the path of the sound that stops the timer. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] The microphone is placed 1.5 m from the wall. The timer shows a reading of 0.009 s. (ii) Use these measurements to calculate the speed of sound. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Speed of sound = _____________ m/s [4] G762H8 3315 11 [Turn over (c) The diagram below shows a water wave being refracted. Refraction occurs at the marked boundary. The incident wave is on the left of the boundary. Examiner Only Marks Remark Boundary (i) Use an arrow to mark on the diagram the direction of the incident wave. Label the arrow I. [2] (ii) Use an arrow to mark on the diagram the direction of the refracted wave. Label the arrow R. [2] (iii) Is the angle of incidence of the wave on the left side of the boundary greater than, smaller than or equal to the angle of refraction on the right side of the boundary? Circle your answer below. Greater Smaller Equal [1] (iv) State two properties of a wave that change when it is refracted. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________ [2] (v) What property of the wave does not change when it is refracted? ____________________________________________________ [1] G762H8 3315 12 [Turn over (d) In the box are the names of five electromagnetic waves. Examiner Only Marks Ultra-violet Microwaves Gamma rays Radio waves Remark Infra-red (i) Which one has the longest wavelength? ___________________ [1] (ii) Which one can toast bread? _____________________________ [1] (iii) Which one is used for satellite communications? ___________ [1] (iv) Name two things that make them different from sound waves. 1. ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G762H8 3315 13 [Turn over 4 (a) Circuit breakers are used to protect the users of electrical appliances from receiving an electric shock. The diagram below shows the structure of a circuit breaker that uses an electromagnet. Current in Iron arm Pivot Examiner Only Marks Remark Springy metal Contacts Iron core Coil Current out (i) On the diagram, mark, with an arrow, the force that the electromagnet exerts on the iron arm, when a current flows in and out of the circuit breaker. Label this force E. [1] (ii) On the diagram, mark, with an arrow, the force that the spring exerts on the iron arm. Label this force S. [1] This circuit breaker will switch off the current, when it exceeds 15 A. (iii) Describe what happens inside the circuit breaker, that causes the circuit to be broken when the current exceeds 15 A. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [1] (iv) The circuit breaker is to be modified to allow it to break the circuit for currents just greater than 5 A. Should the springy metal be made stronger or weaker? ______________________ [1] G762H8 3315 14 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows an a.c. generator. Examiner Only Marks Remark Sensitive ammeter Iron core o + Magnet SN Coil (i) What happens in the coil of wire when the magnet rotates? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ii) What name is given to this effect? _______________________ [1] The sensitive ammeter is removed and the ends of the coil are connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). (iii) On the grid below, draw the trace that might be seen on the CRO. 0 [2] (iv) How is the output from the a.c. generator different from that obtained from a battery? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] G762H8 3315 15 [Turn over (c) The output from a power station generator is connected to a step-up transformer, which in turn is connected to the transmission lines. Examiner Only Marks Remark Pylons supporting the transmission lines Transmission lines Power station generator Step-up transformer (i) What is the function of the step-up transformer? ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) What is the advantage of using a step-up transformer distributing electricity using the transmission lines? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (iii) The output from the generator of a power station is 25 kV. What is the ratio of the number of turns on the secondary coil to the number of turns on the primary coil, if the output voltage from the transformer is to be 115 kV? You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Ratio = _______________ [3] G762H8 3315 16 [Turn over (d) The mains electricity used in our homes has a voltage of 240 V. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) A food mixer uses a current of 2.5 A, when it is operated from the mains. Calculate the power of this food mixer. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Power = ___________ W [3] (ii) An electric drill, also operated from the mains, has power of 950 W. Calculate the correct fuse to fit to the plug of this drill. You should select your fuse from the following: 1 A, 3 A, 5 A, 10 A, 13 A. You are advised to show clearly how you get your answer. Fuse = _________ [3] G762H8 3315 17 [Turn over 5 (a) Below is an incomplete table listing some of the planets and their average distances from the Sun. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Complete the table by writing the names of the missing planets in the appropriate places. Planet Average distance from the Sun in millions of km Earth 150 778 Mars 228 58 Neptune 4500 1427 Uranus 2870 121 [4] (ii) All the planets can be thought of as satellites. Explain fully what this means. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] The diagram below shows the orbits of the outer planets. Pluto is marked. The Sun is at the centre of the orbits. Pluto In August 2006 Pluto was reclassified as not being a true planet. G762H8 3315 18 [Turn over (iii) In what way is the orbit of Pluto different from the planets? Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (iv) What force keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun? ____________________________________________________ [1] (v) What is the main difference between the heliocentric model of the solar system and the geocentric model of the solar system? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (Question 5 is continued on pages 20, 21 and 22) G762H8 3315 19 [Turn over (b) Our sun contains helium. We know this because there are black lines in the spectrum of the light from the sun, where helium atoms have absorbed light. These lines form the absorption spectrum for helium. Violet end of spectrum Examiner Only Marks Remark Red end of spectrum When we look at the spectrum of light from stars in a distant galaxy, the absorption spectrum of helium is there, but the pattern of lines has moved towards one end of the spectrum, as shown in the diagram below. Violet end of spectrum Red end of spectrum (i) What name is given to the observation described above? ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) The above observation provides evidence that distant galaxies are moving relative to us. In what direction are these galaxies moving? ____________________________________________________ [1] One theory suggests that about 13.6 billion years ago, all the matter in the universe was concentrated into a single tiny point. (iii) What name is given to this theory? _______________________ [1] G762H8 3315 20 [Turn over (c) (i) Describe the nebular model for the formation of our solar system. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [4] (ii) Describe the nuclear process that happens in the interior of our Sun. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] G762H8 3315 21 [Turn over (d) In solar systems, other than ours, some planets have very oval-shaped orbits. They orbit the star, sometimes sweeping in close to the star, and sometimes their orbit takes them very far away from it, as shown in the diagram below. Examiner Only Marks Remark Planet Star (i) Why is the planet above unlikely to support life as we know it? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Assume that life forms were observing the Earth from a distant planet. What human activity, which they might detect from tens of light years away, might lead them to believe that there was intelligent life on Earth? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER G762H8 3315 22 [Turn over 1 2.2.07BP G762H8 3315 23 [Turn over S 2/07 531-016-1 [Turn over

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