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UK GCSE 2008 : Higher Tier, Biology Paper 2

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2008 Paper 2 Higher Tier G0904 Science: Biology [G0904] THURSDAY 29 MAY, MORNING TIME 2 hours. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Answer all eight questions. For Examiner s use only Question Number INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 160. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 3(c). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. Details of calculations should be shown. Units must be stated in numerical answers where appropriate. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Marks 3343 Marks 1 (a) (i) Complete the table describing the functions of some body systems. Examiner Only Marks System Remark Function Co-ordination of receptors and effectors to bring about a response Circulatory Support, protection, movement Respiratory [4] The diagram shows part of the human respiratory system. A D B Alveolus C (ii) Name parts A, B, C and D. A __________________________________ B __________________________________ C __________________________________ D __________________________________ G092H8 3343 2 [4] [Turn over The diagram shows some cells from the respiratory system. Examiner Only Marks Remark Healthy cells Dust and micro-organisms trapped on mucus Cells from a smoker (iii) Name the type of cells shown and describe their function. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Describe one difference between the healthy cells and those of the smoker. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (v) Name a disease caused by smoking. ______________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 3 [Turn over (b) (i) Complete the diagram of expiration by drawing in the diaphragm and complete boxes X and Y to describe the changes. X Air in Y Rib cage up Diaphragm flat Inspiration Expiration Source: Biology, M Jones & E Jones, Cambridge University Press Examiner Only Marks Remark [4] (ii) What effect do the changes which occur during expiration have on the volume and pressure in the lungs? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 4 [Turn over 2 The diagram shows the structures which transport water through a plant. Leaf Xylem vessel Root hair Root Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) Use the diagram to name the cell which absorbs water. ______________________________ [1] tissue which transports water up the stem. ______________________________ [1] organ which uses water in photosynthesis. ______________________________ [1] (b) Explain the difference between a tissue and an organ. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 5 [Turn over (c) Complete the magnified diagram of a leaf cell by drawing and labelling three structures found only in plant cells. Examiner Only Marks Remark 50 40 Cell membrane 30 20 10 0 [6] Nucleus (d) (i) Use the scale to measure the diameter of the nucleus. ________________ mm [1] This diagram has been magnified 100 times. (ii) Calculate the actual size of the nucleus in millimetres. Show your working. ________________ mm [2] (e) Name the structures found in the nucleus which are made up of short lengths of DNA which code for one characteristic. ___________________ [1] long lengths of DNA which code for many characteristics. ___________________ [1] G092H8 3343 6 [Turn over (f) Describe the function of the cell membrane and explain how it is adapted for this function. Examiner Only Marks Remark Function _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [1] Adaptation ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 7 [Turn over 3 (a) The diagram shows part of the male reproductive system. Examiner Only Marks Remark A D B Testis C Human Form and Function by P Minett, D Wayne, D Rubenstein. Published by Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989, ISBN 0713527145. , Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd http://harpercollins.co.uk (i) Name parts A, B and C. A __________________________________ [1] B __________________________________ [1] C __________________________________ [1] (ii) Give the function of part D. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Name the hormone, produced by the testes, which causes secondary sexual characteristics in a male. ___________________________ [1] (iv) Give two changes which occur only in males during puberty. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 8 [Turn over (b) The table shows the percentage of women who would become pregnant during a year, using different methods of contraception. Percentage of women who become pregnant each year Method of contraception Natural 10.0 Condom 2.5 Intra-uterine device 2.0 12 Percentage of women who become pregnant each year 10 8 6 4 2 0 Natural Condom Intra-uterine device Pill Method of contraception Examiner Only (i) Draw bars on the grid for the three methods of contraception, natural, condom and intra-uterine device. [3] Marks Remark (ii) Complete the bar chart by drawing a bar, to suggest the percentage of women who would become pregnant while using the pill. [1] G092H8 3343 9 [Turn over (iii) Explain how the pill works as a method of contraception. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Explain why sterilization of women is the most reliable method. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Suggest why natural methods are unreliable. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 10 [Turn over The diagram shows the menstrual cycle. Examiner Only Marks Remark MENSTRUATION Ovulation Human Form and Function by P Minett, D Wayne, D Rubenstein. Published by Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989, ISBN 0713527145. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd http://harpercollins.co.uk (c) Use the information in the diagram to help describe the events of the menstrual cycle between day 6 and day 28. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication G092H8 3343 [2] 11 [Turn over 4 (a) The diagram shows one way to measure growth in mice. Examiner Only Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Remark 8 Nuffield Biology, Text II The tails of three mice were measured using the apparatus above. The first mouse was 27 days old with a tail length of 66 mm, while a tail length of 59 mm was recorded for the 20 day old mouse. The final tail length was that of a 34 day old mouse which measured 70 mm. (i) Complete the table by adding an appropriate heading, including the results of the experiment. Age/days [3] (ii) Calculate the increase in tail length per day between days 20 and 34. Show your working. _______________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 12 [Turn over (iii) Describe how organisms grow. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (b) The diagram shows the response of a plant to light. Light (i) Name this process. __________________________ [1] (ii) Describe how this process is beneficial to the plant. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 13 [Turn over (iii) Suggest what might happen to the growth of these seedlings if the experiment was repeated with the top of the shoot and leaves covered with tin foil. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (c) The diagram shows the effects of minerals on the growth of seedlings. Seedling Air in Complete mineral solution Air in Air in No magnesium No nitrates Source: Introduction to Biology, D. E. Mackean, 1st Ed (i) Explain why the culture solution has air bubbled through it. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Suggest a difference in the appearance of the leaves when grown in the solution without magnesium. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 14 [Turn over (iii) Complete the table showing some minerals required for healthy plant growth. Mineral Examiner Only Marks Remark Use in plant Nitrate Magnesium To make cell walls [3] G092H8 3343 15 [Turn over 5 (a) The table shows the sulphur dioxide emissions in the UK in 1998. Examiner Only Marks Source Percentage of total emissions Industry 35 Domestic 30 Transport 10 Other Remark 25 (i) Complete the pie chart for this data. [3] In total 1610 thousand tonnes of the gas were produced. (ii) Calculate the mass of sulphur dioxide emitted by transport. Show your working. _______________________________ [3] (iii) Explain how sulphur dioxide emissions can lead to acid rain. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 16 [Turn over (iv) Give two effects of acid rain. Examiner Only Marks Remark 1. __________________________________________________ [1] 2. __________________________________________________ [1] (v) Suggest two ways to reduce sulphur dioxide emissions. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (vi) Explain why acid rain is an international problem. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 17 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows how the environment can be affected by deforestation. Atmospheric carbon dioxide Examiner Only Marks Remark Biosphere Deforestation Rivers and lakes Soil (i) Explain how deforestation can cause an increase in carbon dioxide. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Give one harmful effect that increasing carbon dioxide concentrations can have on the Earth. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Explain how deforestation has a harmful effect on animals in the biosphere. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 18 [Turn over (iv) Suggest how deforestation affects soil quality. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Use the diagram to give two other harmful effects of deforestation on the environment. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 19 [Turn over BLANK PAGE G092H8 3343 20 [Turn over 6 Read the passage and use it to help answer the following questions. Examiner Only Marks Remark An epidemic of smallpox swept through the English county of Gloucestershire in 1788. One of the doctors involved had noticed that milkmaids who had previously been infected with cowpox, a disease infecting the teats of cows, were unaffected by the smallpox virus. He carried out an experiment on a boy, called James Phipps. Making scratches on the boy s arm, he worked into them a small amount of cowpox pus. Although the boy had the normal reaction, of a slight fever, he soon recovered. When, a few weeks later, he repeated the inoculation, using smallpox pus, the boy remained healthy. Vaccination treatment had been born, named after the medical name for cowpox, vaccinia. Source: Adapted from: http://web.ukonline.co.uk (a) Name the doctor who developed a vaccination for smallpox. _______________________________ [1] (b) Name the type of micro-organism which causes cowpox and smallpox. _______________________________ [1] Tuberculosis is caused by a micro-organism. (c) Name the type of micro-organism which causes tuberculosis and what is used to treat it. Micro-organism _________________________________________ [1] Treatment ______________________________________________ [1] (d) Explain why the doctor made scratches on the boy s arm. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 21 [Turn over The diagram shows the normal reaction in the boy s blood, after the cowpox pus was placed in the cuts. Examiner Only Marks Remark Blood cell Stage 1 Micro-organism Antigen Antibody Stage 2 Stage 3 (e) What is an antigen? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [3] G092H8 3343 22 [Turn over (f) Explain two ways Stage 2 helps reduce the effects of cowpox. Examiner Only Marks Remark 1. ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] 2. ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (g) Name the type of blood cell shown in Stage 3 and describe what it does to the micro-organisms. Name ________________________ [1] Description ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [2] (h) Name the type of immunity this gave James Phipps. _______________________________ [1] (i) Name the type of immunity a baby receives through breast feeding. ______________________________________________________ [1] The antigen for smallpox is almost the same as the antigen for cowpox. (j) Suggest why, when smallpox was inoculated into his scratches, James Phipps did not develop the disease. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 23 [Turn over 7 (a) The diagram shows a cross section of a human eye. Examiner Only Marks Remark C B A D (i) Name parts A, B, C and D. A _____________________________ B _____________________________ C _____________________________ D _____________________________ [4] (ii) Complete the sequence of events relating to the eye. Stimulus Receptor organ Receptor cells Co-ordinator Cells in retina [3] (iii) Describe how the information received by the receptor cells travels to the co-ordinator. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 24 [Turn over (iv) Name the two receptor cells in the retina. Examiner Only Marks Remark 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ [2] (v) Describe how the function of these cells is related to the brightness of the light received. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (vi) Describe the changes to the iris and pupil when moving from bright light into darkness. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (vii) Suggest why this response is important for the eye. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 25 [Turn over (b) The table shows the thickness of the lens when looking at objects at different distances from the eye. Distance from eye/mm Remark Thickness of lens/mm 100 Examiner Only Marks 4.0 200 300 3.2 500 2.9 1000 2.7 1500 2.6 2000 2.6 At first the thickness of the lens decreases evenly for every 100 mm. (i) Calculate the thickness of the lens for a distance of 200 mm. Show your working. Thickness of lens ________________ [2] (ii) Suggest why the thickness of the lens stays the same between 1500 mm and 2000 mm. ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 26 [Turn over The diagram shows the changes to the lens when viewing distant and near objects. Examiner Only Marks Remark ciliary muscles ligaments Distant object lens Side view Front view ciliary muscles ligaments Near object lens Side view Front view (iii) Use the diagram to help describe how the changes to the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments allow you to read this page. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] G092H8 3343 27 [Turn over 8 (a) The diagrams show the stages of mitosis. Stage 1 Stage 5 A B Stage 2 Stage 4 Stage 3 Source: J. Bushell & P. Nicholson, Biology Alive, Collins Educational, 1985. G092H8 3343 28 [Turn over (i) Describe the changes to the chromosomes between: Examiner Only Marks Remark Stage 1 and Stage 2. _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Stage 3 and Stage 5. _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Name parts A and B in Stage 5. A _____________________________ [1] B _____________________________ [1] (iii) Give two ways cells produced by meiosis would differ from those produced by mitosis. 1. ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] 2. ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] G092H8 3343 29 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows a cross between a person who is a carrier of the disorder haemophilia and a person who has normal blood. Examiner Only Marks Remark Let H represent the allele for normal blood and h the allele for haemophiliac blood. Person A X H Xh Person B XH Y (i) What do the X and Y represent? ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Which person is the male? Give a reason for your answer. Person ________________________ [1] Reason _____________________________________________ [1] (iii) Explain why the Y chromosome does not carry either an H or h allele. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iv) Explain the term carrier. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Explain why haemophilia can cause premature death. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H8 3343 30 [Turn over (vi) Complete the Punnett square to show the children which could be born in this cross. Examiner Only Marks Remark Person A Person B [3] (vii) Give the probability of the first child being male. _________________________________ [1] (viii) Give the phenotypic ratio of haemophiliac to normal children. _________________________________ [1] (ix) Describe what happens during fertilization. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (x) Explain why human reproduction has both fertilization and cell division by meiosis in each generation. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER G092H8 3343 31 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 530-061-1 [Turn over

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