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UK GCSE 2007 : Higher Tier, Biology Paper 2

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2007 Paper 2 Higher Tier G0904 Science: Biology [G0904] WEDNESDAY 6 JUNE, AFTERNOON TIME 2 hours. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Answer all eight questions. For Examiner s use only Question Number INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 160. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 3(b)(iii). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. Details of calculations should be shown. Units must be stated in numerical answers where appropriate. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Marks G092H7 2457 Marks 1 (a) Complete the table on air pollution. Examiner Only Marks Cause of air pollution Carbon monoxide Source Harmful effect Prevention Petrol engines Burning fossil fuels Lead Remark Flue gas desulphurisation Lead poisoning [6] (b) Eutrophication of rivers can be caused by pollution from farms. (i) Give two ways farming can cause eutrophication. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Suggest how this can cause an algal bloom in rivers. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Explain how this algal bloom can result in the death of fish and other aquatic animals. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 2 [Turn over (c) The graph shows changes in the number of red squirrels in a woodland area over seven years. Examiner Only Marks Remark 35 Number of red squirrels 30 25 20 15 10 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year (i) Describe the trend in the graph. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Suggest two possible reasons for the decrease in the red squirrel numbers in 1996. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Suggest two reasons why grey squirrels now outnumber reds in some woodlands. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 3 [Turn over 2 (a) The diagram shows part of a leaf. Examiner Only Marks Remark A B C D (i) Name layers A, B and C and structure D. A _________________________ [1] B _________________________ [1] C _________________________ [1] D _________________________ [1] (ii) On the diagram label with an X the type of cell which carries out most photosynthesis. a Y the type of cell which controls the movement of carbon dioxide in and out of a leaf. G092H7 2457 [1] [1] 4 [Turn over + light water (b) (i) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis. starch + chlorophyll Examiner Only Marks Remark [2] (ii) Explain how the starch, produced by photosynthesis, is used by the plant. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (c) The graph shows the changes in carbon dioxide concentration measured in a field of grass on a warm sunny day. Concentration of carbon dioxide / arbitrary units 450 400 Average concentration 350 300 250 12 Midnight 4 am (sunrise) 8 am 12 Midday 4 pm 8 pm 12 Midnight (i) Give the highest concentration of carbon dioxide recorded. __________________ arbitrary units [1] (ii) Between what times was the concentration of carbon dioxide below average? ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 5 [Turn over (iii) Describe the trend in carbon dioxide concentration between Examiner Only Marks Remark 4 am and 6 am. _______________________________________ [1] 7 am and 5 pm. _______________________________________ [1] (iv) Explain the change in carbon dioxide concentration between 4 am and 6 am. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Explain why the carbon dioxide concentration increases between 5 pm and 10 pm. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 6 [Turn over 3 (a) The following is a recipe for making homemade yoghurt. Examiner Only Marks Remark 1. Warm pasteurised milk to 43 C. 2. Add living yoghurt to this milk in a vacuum ask. Replace the lid and leave for 6 8 hours, until the mixture becomes acidic. 3. Pour the yoghurt into sterile containers and store at 4 C in a refrigerator. 4. Eat the yoghurt within 4 5 days. (i) Describe how pasteurised milk is produced. ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Suggest why pasteurised milk is used instead of unpasteurised milk. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Living yoghurt contains the bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus. (iii) Suggest why the pasteurised milk and living yoghurt mixture is kept in a vacuum flask. ________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] is covered with a lid. ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] becomes acidic. ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 7 [Turn over (iv) Explain why storing the yoghurt at 4 C slows down decay. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Suggest why the yoghurt should be eaten within 4 5 days. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (vi) Give two other methods of preserving food and explain how each works. Method 1 ___________________________________________ [1] Explanation ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Method 2 ___________________________________________ [1] Explanation ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 8 [Turn over Louis Pasteur is credited with disproving spontaneous generation. Examiner Only Marks Remark (b) (i) Explain the theory of spontaneous generation. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] The diagram shows a flask used by Pasteur. Source: K Brocklehurst, P S Fielden, (1984), Biology Now, Hodder & Stoughton (ii) Name this flask. __________________________ [1] (iii) Describe how Pasteur used this apparatus to disprove spontaneous generation. The quality of written communication will be assessed in this question. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [4] Quality of written communication G092H7 2457 [2] 9 [Turn over 4 Infection by HIV occurs most commonly during sexual intercourse. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) (i) Name the type of organism which causes HIV. __________________________ [1] (ii) Which body system does this organism infect? __________________________ [1] (iii) Describe one way this infection can be prevented. ___________________________________________________ [1] (iv) Give two other ways a person can be infected by HIV. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] The table shows the number of people in Northern Ireland diagnosed as infected with HIV between 1996 and 2004. Year Number infected with HIV 1996 15 1998 9 2000 19 2002 27 2004 60 Source: www.avert.org.uk (v) Describe the trend shown in the table between 1996 and 1998. _________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] between 1998 and 2004. _________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 10 [Turn over (vi) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of HIV cases in Northern Ireland between 1996 and 2004. Show your working. Examiner Only Marks Remark Answer __________________ [3] In 2004 the total number of people infected with HIV in the United Kingdom was 7275 while the total number of diagnosed cases of AIDS was 813. (vii) Suggest one reason for this difference. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Immunity is the ability of the body to kill pathogenic micro-organisms. (b) (i) Name the structure, found on the surface of the micro-organism, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. ________________________ [1] (ii) Explain how antibodies reduce the spread of an infection. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Which type of blood cell produces antibodies? ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 11 [Turn over The diagram shows how some blood cells attack micro-organisms. Examiner Only Marks Remark Stage 1 Micro-organism Stage 2 Stage 3 Source: G Jones, M Jones,(1984) BIOLOGY GCSE edition, Cambridge University Press (iv) Name the process shown in the diagram. ____________________________ [1] (v) Describe stages 1 and 2 and explain how the micro-organism is killed in stage 3. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 12 [Turn over 5 (a) The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule. Examiner Only Marks Remark DNA molecule C G A T G C C Chemical bases (see key) G A C C Key A - Adenine C - Cytosine G - Guanine T - Thymine T (i) Complete the diagram by labelling the bases. [2] (ii) Where in the cell is DNA found? ________________________ [1] (iii) Describe the difference between the approach used by Franklin compared to that of Watson and Crick when researching the structure of the DNA molecule. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] G092H7 2457 13 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows how DNA is used to code for specific amino acids which join to make a particular protein. DNA code GCACGCCAA Examiner Only Marks Remark CAAGCA Amino acid in protein (i) Complete the diagram by adding the missing sequence of bases. [1] drawing the symbol for the missing amino acid. [1] (ii) Suggest what might happen to the protein if the first G in the DNA code was accidentally removed. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 14 [Turn over (c) The diagram shows a summary of genetic engineering. Examiner Only Marks Bacterium Remark Plasmid Human insulin gene Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 (i) Complete Stage 4 of the diagram to show what happens when the bacterium multiplies. [2] (ii) Complete the table by describing Stages 1 and 2. Stage Description 1 2 [2] G092H7 2457 15 [Turn over (d) The diagram shows a biodigester used to manufacture penicillin. Examiner Only Marks Remark Air out Sterile air in Nutrients in Stirrer Monitor unit Sensors Jacket Products out (i) Complete the table. Process Explanation Nutrients are added The culture is stirred Temperature is controlled Air is added [4] G092H7 2457 16 [Turn over (ii) Explain why the biodigester must be kept sterile. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) What is penicillin? __________________________ [1] (iv) What type of organism is used to make penicillin? __________________________ [1] (v) Describe what happens to the penicillin produced in the biodigester. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 17 [Turn over 6 An experiment was set up to investigate the effect of temperature on the action of amylase on starch. Water baths were set up at different temperatures and equal volumes of amylase and starch were placed in a test tube in each water bath. Samples were removed every minute and tested for starch. The time taken for the starch to disappear was recorded and used to calculate the rate of the reaction. Examiner Only Marks Remark The results are shown in the table. Temperature/ C 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rate of reaction/ arbitary units 25 50 100 90 25 2 (i) Plot these results as a line graph. [5] G092H7 2457 18 [Turn over (ii) Describe and explain the shape of the graph from 10 C to 30 C. Examiner Only Marks Remark Description ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Explanation ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Describe and explain what happens to the rate of the reaction as the temperature is increased above 30 C. Description ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] Explanation ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iv) What is an enzyme? _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Give one factor which must be controlled to keep this experiment a fair test. ___________________________________________________ [1] (vi) Name the reagent used to test for starch and describe the colour change which can be observed when starch is present. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] Amylase breaks starch down into sugars. (vii)Describe how you would test a solution for the presence of sugars. Give the colour change observed when sugars are present. Test __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] Colour change _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 19 [Turn over 7 (a) The diagram shows the mechanism involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels. Examiner Only Marks Remark Glucose in diet Glucose in blood NORMAL LEVEL TOO HIGH TOO LOW Insulin produced No insulin produced Glucose level decreases Glucose level increases (i) Name the organ which produces insulin. __________________________ [1] (ii) Use the diagram to help explain how the blood glucose concentration is kept at a constant level and how a feedback mechanism works. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Give two ways the blood glucose level can be decreased by cells. 1. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 20 [Turn over (b) The graph shows changes in the blood sugar level of a normal person and a diabetic. Examiner Only Marks Remark Both have fasted (had no food intake) for 12 hours before drinking 75 g of glucose dissolved in water. Blood glucose/mmol per litre 20 15 Diabetic 10 Normal person 5 0 0.5 1.0 Time/hours 1.5 2.0 (i) Give the fasting blood glucose levels at time 0. Normal person _______________ [1] Diabetic [1] _______________ (ii) Describe two other differences between the graphs of the normal person and the diabetic. 1. ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [1] 2. ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 21 [Turn over (iii) Explain the changes taking place in the normal person during the first hour after the intake of glucose. Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] Blood glucose levels above 10 mmols per litre results in glucose appearing in the urine. (iv) Use the graph to explain why some glucose may appear in the urine of a diabetic. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (c) (i) Describe the condition necessary for adrenaline to be released into the blood. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Give three main effects the release of adrenaline has on the human body. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] G092H7 2457 22 [Turn over (d) On average it takes 1 hour for the human body to remove one unit of alcohol. Examiner Only Marks Remark One unit equals 1/2 a pint of beer 1 standard glass of wine 1 single measure of spirits A man drinks 2 pints of beer and a single measure of whiskey. (i) Calculate the number of hours it will take his body to remove the alcohol. Show your working. __________________________ [2] (ii) Name the organ in the human body which removes alcohol. __________________________ [1] (iii) Describe two effects on society of drinking too much alcohol. 1. ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [1] 2. ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 23 [Turn over 8 (a) During pregnancy substances pass from the maternal to the foetal blood across the placenta. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Describe how the placenta is adapted as an organ of exchange. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] The table compares maternal and foetal blood. Blood Maternal Foetal Blood flow ml/min 600 300 Haemoglobin content g/l 120 170 (ii) Give two differences between maternal and foetal blood. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G092H7 2457 24 [Turn over The diagram shows the oxygen content of the maternal and foetal blood vessels in the placenta. Examiner Only Marks Remark Maternal blood vessel 98% oxygen 75% oxygen 70% oxygen 45% oxygen Foetal blood vessel (iii) Explain the values for the oxygen content of the maternal and foetal blood vessels. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Name one other useful and one harmful substance which may pass from the maternal to the foetal blood across the placenta. Useful _____________________________________________ [1] Harmful ____________________________________________ [1] G092H7 2457 25 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows embryo transfer procedures in cattle. Examiner Only Marks Remark Arti cial insemination Sperm from bull Hormone treatment Embryos collected 6 8 days after arti cial insemination and checked Good quality cow Embryos transferred Embryos Embryos stored stored at at 37 C 37 C To recipient cows who get pregnant Birth (9 months after embryo transfer in many cows) www.wvu.edu.com (i) Why are hormones given to the cow at the beginning of the procedure? _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) What is artificial insemination? __________________________ G092H7 2457 [1] 26 [Turn over (iii) Suggest which qualities the farmer would be looking for in either the good quality cow or bull in order to produce good quality embryos. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Explain why the embryos are collected 6 8 days after fertilization. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) Give two reasons why the embryos are checked before they are transferred into the recipient cows. 1. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] 2. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (vi) Explain why the embryos are kept at 37 C. ___________________________________________________ [1] (vii)Give three reasons why the farmer uses the embryo transfer procedure instead of natural fertilization. 1. _________________________________________________ [1] 2. _________________________________________________ [1] 3. _________________________________________________ [1] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER G092H7 2457 27 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. S 4/06 7-058-1 G092H7 2457 28 [Turn over

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