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ICSE Class X Notes 2026 : English Paper 1 (English Language) (Anand Niketan, Shilaj, Ahmedabad)

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Latest Syllabus ENGLISH PAPER- 2 (LITERATURE) Class 10 AIMS: 1. To develop the capacity to read efficiently and access information effectively. 2. To develop an appreciation of good literature. 3. To experience, through literature, the thoughts and feelings of the peoples of the world. BIFURCATION: Literature in English Internal Assessment (80 Marks) (20 Marks) SYLLABUS: Candidates will be required to answer questions based on the prescribed textbooks, which include Drama, Prose (Short Stories) and Poetry. Drama and Prose (Short Stories) Questions set will be central to the text. Candidates will be required to show that they have understood the passage and are able to clearly respond in their own words. Excerpts may be given from the drama and prose texts leading to questions. Poetry A poem, or lines from poems, will be given and questions will be set to test the candidates response. The questions will focus on the content, understanding and the personal response of candidates to the entire poem as a whole. 1. DRAMA: Julius Caesar: William Shakespeare (Acts III, IV & V) II. TREASURE CHEST: A Collection of ICSE Short Stories & Poems (Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi) PROSE (Short Stories): 1. With the Photographer Stephen Leacock 2. The Elevator William Sleator 3. The Girl Who Can Ama Ata Aidoo 4. The Pedestrian Ray Bradbury 5. The Last Lesson Alphonse Daudet POETRY: 1. Haunted Houses H.W. Longfellow 2. The Glove and the Lions Leigh Hunt 3. When Great Trees fall Maya Angelou 4. A Considerable Speck Robert Frost 5. The Power of Music Sukumar Ray NOTE: The ICSE (Class X) Examination paper will be set ONLY on the portion of the syllabus that is prescribed for Class X. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT Schools will set, assess and record written assignments by the candidates as given below: Two or three assignments of reasonable length (not exceeding 1500 words in total). SUGGESTED ASSIGNMENTS Assignments should be based on the prescribed textbooks on the following lines: (i) Character/thematic analysis; (ii) Socio-economic, cultural, historical relevance / background; (iii) Summary / paraphrase. (iv) Appreciation of literary qualities. (v) Identifying with a character. Putting oneself in the place of a character in given circumstances and explaining one s actions. (vi) Imagine alternative outcomes or endings in a literary piece and the effect on all concerned. (vii) Making a graphic representation of a scene/story/ poem. (viii) Assume the persona of one of the characters (from the play/ poem/story) and record a diary entry of a particular incident/episode. EVALUATION The assignments/projects are to be evaluated by the subject teacher and by an external examiner. (The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated by the Head of the school, who could be from the faculty, but not teaching the subject in the section/class. For example, a teacher of English of Class VIII may be deputed to be an External Examiner for Class X, English projects.) The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will assess the assignments independently. Award of Marks (20 Marks) Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks External Examiner 10 marks The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the CISCE by the Head of the school. The Head of the school will be responsible for the online entry of marks on the CISCE s CAREERS portal by the due date. (6) Understanding of Text (Narrative) The candidate demonstrates expertise in giving an appropriate account of the text, with well-chosen reference to narrative and situation. The candidate demonstrates a high level of competence in giving an account of the text, with appropriate references to the narrative and situation. The candidate demonstrates competence in giving an account of the text with some reference to the narrative and situation. The candidate gives a broad account of the text with reference to the narrative and situation. The candidate is unable to demonstrate an understanding of the basic events in the text. Grade I II III IV (7) V 0 The candidate is unable to give a personal view of the text studied. The candidate is unable to recognise the differences in the way authors write. The candidate is unable to relate the text to the other texts studied. The candidate is unable to understand the text or support it with any examples. 2 3 1 The candidate is able to communicate a personal response, which shows appreciation. The candidate is able to reflect a personal response to the text. 4 Marks The candidate communicates a straightforward personal response to the text. The candidate recognises some of the significant ways in which the writers have used the language. The candidate appreciates and evaluates significant ways in which writers have achieved their effects. The candidate is able to effectively reflect personal response The candidate appreciates and evaluates significant ways (structure, character, imagery) in which writers have achieved their effects. (critical appreciation) to the text. Critical Appreciation Personal Response Appreciation of Language, Characterisation The candidate relates The candidate recognisthe text to other texts es differences in the way studied. authors write. The candidate recognises some aspects of the text used by authors to present ideas. The candidate understands text with some emphasis on interpretation and evaluation. The candidate understands the text with due emphasis on interpretation and evaluation. Understanding of textInterpretation and Evaluation The candidate understands the basic meaning of the text. The candidate understands the text and shows a basic recognition of the theme and can support it by a few examples. The account is supported by examples from the text. The account is suitably supported by relevant examples from the text. Examples from Text INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH -GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES (CLASSES IX & X) Syllabus Mind Maps | 1 2 | OSWAAL ICSE Sample Question Papers, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-10 Mind Maps | 3 SECTION 1: DRAMA CHAPTER-1 JULIUS CAESAR (ACTS III, IV & V) William Shakespeare Learning Objectives Understand the assassination plot against Caesar. Analyse Brutus s speech and its persuasive techniques. l Examine Antony s response and its impact. Explore the themes of betrayal and power. Compare the leadership styles of key characters. l l l l About the Playwright We widely regard William Shakespeare as the greatest playwright in the English language and one of the most important figures in the history of Western literature. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564 and died there in 1616. People have performed Shakespeare's plays countless times and translated them into many languages. Shakespeare s early life is somewhat of a mystery, but it is known that he attended grammar school in Stratfordupon-Avon and married Anne Hathaway in 1582. He moved to London around 1590, where he became an actor and playwright. His early plays, such as Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night s Dream", were performed at the Globe Theatre, one of the most famous theatres of the time. Shakespeare s plays are known for their complex characters, intricate plots and beautiful language. He wrote tragedies, comedies and histories, including Hamlet", Macbeth", Othello", King Lear", The Tempest" and Henry V". His works are still performed today and have had a profound influence on literature, theatre and culture. In addition to his plays, Shakespeare also wrote sonnets, which are 14-line poems with a specific rhyme scheme. His sonnets are considered some of the most beautiful and profound in the English language. They explore themes of love, beauty and mortality. Shakespeare s legacy continues to live on, and his works are studied and celebrated all over the world. He is widely considered one of the greatest writers in the English language, and his influence on literature, theatre, and culture is immeasurable. Background of the Play Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare s most famous plays, a historical tragedy that explores themes of power, ambition, loyalty, betrayal, and friendship. The play is set in ancient Rome during the time of Julius Caesar s rise to power and his subsequent assassination in 44 BC. It was first performed in 1599 and has since become a classic work of literature, studied and performed around the world. The plot revolves around the events leading up to Caesar s death, including the conspiracies to overthrow him, the political and personal conflicts among the characters, and the consequences of their actions. The play begins with a series of portentous omens that foretell Caesar s downfall, including a thunderstorm and a warning from a soothsayer. Meanwhile, a group of senators, led by Cassius, plot to assassinate Caesar out of fear that he will become a tyrant. They recruit the noble Brutus to their cause, appealing to his sense of duty to the Roman Republic. Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar, whom he respects as a friend and mentor, and his duty to the Roman people, whom he believes will suffer under Caesar s rule. He ultimately joins the conspiracy against Caesar, believing that it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny. However, he is plagued by doubts and guilt throughout the play and ultimately meets a tragic end. The character analysis of the play is a central element of its enduring appeal. The contrast between the noble Brutus and the ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and Brutus. Caesar is portrayed as a charismatic and powerful leader, who is ultimately brought down by his own hubris and overconfidence. Brutus, on the other hand, is a principled and honourable man who is ultimately undone by his own doubts and insecurities. The play also features a number of memorable supporting characters, including the fiery orator Mark Antony, the scheming Decius Brutus and the noble but doomed Portia. Each character serves to illuminate different aspects of the play s themes and adds depth to its story. The story of the play is a timeless tale of political intrigue, betrayal and the consequences of taking power into one s own hands. It raises important questions about the nature of leadership, the role of individuals in society and the corrupting influence of power. It shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty can be betrayed and raises important ethical and philosophical questions that continue to resonate today. The themes explored in the play are also a subject of intense interest for literary critics. Harold Bloom, for example, argues that Julius Caesar is a play that delves into the psychology of power and ambition, exploring the human nature of those who seek to wield it. He suggests that the play is a warning against the dangers of unchecked ambition and an exploration of the consequences of taking power into one s own hands. 2 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 A. C. Bradley, on the other hand, argues that the play is a masterpiece of characterisation, with each character representing a different aspect of human nature. He notes that the contrast between the noble Brutus and the ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and Brutus. T. S. Eliot suggests that Julius Caesar is a play that explores the nature of tragedy and the human condition. He argues that the characters are flawed and complex, and that their actions have far-reaching consequences that ultimately lead to their downfall. He notes that the play raises important questions about the relationship between the individual and society and the nature of power and authority. Jan Kott, meanwhile, argues that the play is a commentary on the corrupting influence of power and the dangers of political ambition. He suggests that it shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty can be betrayed and offers a damning critique of the political systems and institutions that enable such corruption. Finally, Northrop Frye offers a unique perspective on the play, suggesting that it is a work of literature that offers insight into the collective consciousness of its time. He notes that the play reflects the anxieties and uncertainties of a society in transition and speaks to the hopes and fears of its audience in a way that is both timeless and deeply rooted in its historical context. In terms of character analysis, the play offers a complex portrait of its central figures. It portrays Julius Caesar as a charismatic and powerful leader who is nevertheless flawed by his own hubris and arrogance. A cast of ambitious and often duplicitous figures surrounds him, including Cassius, who plots to overthrow him and Mark Antony, who seeks to avenge his death. Meanwhile, the noble Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar and his sense of duty to the Roman Republic, ultimately joining the conspiracy against Caesar out of a belief that it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny. The story of the play is both tragic and cautionary, showing the dangers of political ambition and the consequences of taking power into one s own hands. It explores the complexities of human nature and the competing desires for power, loyalty and honour. It raises important ethical and philosophical questions about leadership, the role of the individual in society and the corrupting influence of power. In conclusion, Julius Caesar is a timeless masterpiece of literature that continues to captivate audiences around the world. It offers a complex and nuanced portrait of human nature and the complexities of political power, exploring themes of loyalty, betrayal, ambition and the consequences of taking power into one s own hands. The play s enduring appeal is a testament to its rich and powerful themes and its ability to speak to the hopes and fears of audiences in any age. Recall Acts I & II In Act I the play opens in Rome, where the commoners are celebrating the return of Julius Caesar, who has recently defeated Pompey s sons in battle. Two Roman tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, scold the crowd for their fickleness, reminding them that they once supported Pompey, Caesar s rival and now celebrate Caesar s triumph. The tribunes are worried about Caesar s growing power and the potential threat to the Roman Republic. Meanwhile, Caesar is warned by a soothsayer to Beware the Ides of March , but he dismisses the warning. Caesar s growing arrogance and ambition make some of his allies uneasy. Among these is Brutus, a respected Roman senator, who is concerned about Caesar s increasing power. Cassius approaches him, attempting to persuade him that Caesar's ascent poses a threat to Rome. Cassius believes that Caesar is becoming too powerful and will soon declare himself king, thus destroying the republic. Cassius subtly appeals to Brutus s sense of honour and patriotism, suggesting that Brutus should act to protect Rome by joining a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. At the same time, Caesar shows his arrogance in a public setting, refusing the crown offered to him by Mark Antony. Despite his rejection, it is clear that Caesar is aware of the power he is accumulating and his ambitions seem to be growing. Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar, whom he loves as a friend and his concern for the future of the Roman Republic. Cassius convinces Brutus in a private conversation that he must stop Caesar before he becomes too powerful. In Act II the conspiracy to kill Caesar begins to take shape. Brutus, although still unsure, agrees to join the plot, motivated by his belief that Caesar s ambition would lead to tyranny and the end of the Roman Republic. Brutus s wife, Portia, senses that something is troubling him and demands to know what is wrong. She presses him to confide in her, and he eventually admits to being involved in a conspiracy against Caesar but swears her to secrecy. Meanwhile, the conspirators, including Cassius, Casca, and others, meet at Brutus s house to finalise their plans. They discuss how to carry out the assassination and agree that it must be done without appearing to act out of personal jealousy or malice but rather as a noble act for the good of Rome. They also decide not to kill Mark Antony, Caesar s loyal supporter, as they fear it might be considered too violent and unnecessary. This decision shows Brutus s idealism and his desire to preserve the appearance of nobility in the assassination. The night before the assassination, Caesar s wife, Calpurnia, has a nightmare in which she sees Caesar s statue spouting blood. She is terrified and begs Caesar to stay home from the Senate. At first, Caesar is persuaded, but then Decius Brutus, one of the conspirators, arrives and reinterprets Calpurnia s dream. He tells Caesar that the dream is a good omen, suggesting that Caesar s blood will revive Rome. Caesar, flattered and convinced, decides to go to the Senate despite his wife s pleas. At the Senate, the conspirators are ready to strike. They plan to assassinate Caesar during his coronation. As Caesar arrives at the Senate, the conspirators surround him. Brutus delivers the fatal blow, and Caesar, seeing Brutus among them, is reportedly shocked and cries, Et tu, Brute? expressing his disbelief that Brutus, whom he trusted, would betray him. After Caesar s death, chaos erupts in Rome. In conclusion, Act I sets up the political climate and the tension surrounding Caesar s rise to power, while Act II deepens the conspiracy against Caesar, leading to the fateful decision to assassinate him. Both acts explore themes of power, loyalty and betrayal, setting the stage for the tragedy that will unfold in the subsequent acts. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 3 Play Going Forward Acts III, IV and V In Act III of Julius Caesar, the conspirators assassinate Caesar, believing it will save Rome from his rising power. While Brutus justifies the murder to the public, Antony s funeral speech turns the crowd against the conspirators, leading to a riot. In Act IV, the Second Triumvirate Antony, Octavius and Lepidus forms and begins purging their enemies, while Brutus and Cassius prepare for war against them. Tensions rise between the two, but they eventually reconcile. In Act V, the forces of Brutus and Cassius face Antony and Octavius at the Battle of Philippi. After heavy losses, both Cassius and Brutus commit suicide. Antony, victorious, mourns Brutus as the noblest Roman of them all , signalling the fall of the conspirators and the rise of the triumvirs. Characters of the Play Artemidorus: A Roman citizen who attempts to warn Caesar of the conspiracy through a letter. Calpurnia: Caesar's wife, who has a premonition of his death and tries to dissuade him from going to the Capitol. Cassius: A senator of Rome who organises the conspiracy to kill Caesar. He is intelligent, cunning and manipulative and is driven by his hatred of Caesar and his desire for power. Cinna the Poet: A poet who is mistaken for one of the conspirators and is killed by an angry mob. Flavius and Marullus: Tribunes who are critical of Caesar and removed from their positions for removing decorations from Caesar's statues. Julius Caesar: A great general and a statesman of Rome, who returns to the city as a powerful dictator. He is ambitious, confident and egotistical but also has a noble side that is admired by many. Lucilius: A soldier who impersonates Brutus during the battle and is captured by Antony's army. Marcus Brutus: A senator of Rome, who joins the conspirators to assassinate Caesar out of his love for Rome and his fear that Caesar will become a tyrant. He is an idealist, a man of principle and a skilled orator. Mark Antony: A loyal friend and supporter of Caesar, who becomes his successor after his assassination. He is cunning, ambitious and manipulative, and uses his charisma and public speaking skills to turn the Roman citizens against the conspirators. Octavius Caesar: Julius Caesar's adopted son and heir, who later becomes the first emperor of Rome. He is young, ambitious and determined skilled military commander. Portia: Brutus' wife, who dies by suicide after her husband leaves for battle. She is supportive of his cause but is worried about his well-being. She is strong-willed and independent, and commits suicide after Brutus' death. Soothsayer: A fortune teller, who warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March". Titinius: A friend of Cassius, who is mistakenly believed to be captured by the enemy and causes Cassius to kill himself. Trebonius: A conspirator who is tasked with taking Mark Antony away from Caesar's assassination. ACT III, SCENE 1 (out of 3): Rome. Before the Capitol; the Senate Sitting Characters' Names Antony | Artemidorus | Brutus | Casca | Cassius | Cinna and Metellus Cimber | Commoners | Decius Brutus | Julius Caesar | Octavius Caesar | Soothsayer Major Themes 1. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene bursts with betrayal, culminating in Caesar's death at the hands of his trusted friend. Brutus' "Et tu, Brute?" is a devastating blow that echoes throughout the play, signifying the shattering of trust and friendship. This theme sets the stage for further betrayals and internal conflicts, driving the plot forward and exploring the complexities of personal and political allegiances. 2. Power and Ambition: Caesar's arrogance and desire for absolute power fuel the conspirators' motivations, highlighting the corrupting influence of ambition. Decius's duplicity and Cassius's manipulative tactics further emphasise the ruthlessness of the pursuit of power. This theme becomes a central driving force of the play, shaping the actions of various characters and ultimately leading to the downfall of the Roman Republic. 3. Freedom and Tyranny: Brutus justifies the assassination as an act of liberation from Caesar's potential tyranny, raising questions about who defines tyranny and how to achieve true freedom. This theme sparks moral and political debates throughout the play, leaving the audience to grapple with the consequences of violence and the complexities of achieving a just society. 4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and Calpurnia's dream introduce the concept of fate, while the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of free will. This complex interplay between destiny and human agency drives the play's tragic arc, adding depth to the characters' struggles and making their choices and sacrifices even more impactful. 5. Justice and Revenge: The brutal assassination raises questions about whether it delivers justice or simply fuels a cycle of violence. Antony's veiled threats of vengeance hint at potential future conflicts, driven by a desire for retribution. This theme becomes a key driving force in the second half of the play, shaping the fates of characters and impacting the ultimate outcome of the power struggle. 4 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 Synopsis In Act III, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, the scene unfolds in Rome before the Capitol, with the Senate sitting above. The atmosphere is tense, as a crowd gathers, including Artemidorus and the soothsayer. Julius Caesar, Brutus, Cassius and other senators enter, preparing for a critical moment. Caesar dismisses the soothsayer's warning about the Ides of March and proceeds to the Senate. Artemidorus and a humble petitioner Act-III named Decius Brutus present Caesar Scene-1 with letters. Meanwhile, Cassius and other conspirators express concern about their plot being discovered. As Caesar takes his seat, Metellus Cimber kneels and pleads for his banished brother's return. Caesar rejects the plea, leading to Scan Me! a series of intense interactions. In a pivotal moment, the conspirators, including Brutus, Casca and Cassius, surround Caesar and brutally stab him. The assassination unfolds, with Caesar's famous last words, "Et tu, Brute?" Mark Antony, witnessing the gruesome scene, is initially allowed to live by the conspirators, unaware of their true intentions. After Caesar's assassination, Brutus addresses the Roman people, justifying the act as a necessary sacrifice for the greater good of Rome. Antony is then permitted to speak at Caesar's funeral, setting the stage for the political turmoil and conflict that will follow. The scene sets the tone for the aftermath of the assassination and the unfolding power struggle in Rome. Critical Analysis Act III Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal moment that explores themes of betrayal, political idealism, and the consequences of violent action. In this scene, the conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, assassinate Julius Caesar in the Senate, believing they are protecting Rome from the threat of tyranny. The personal betrayal is most poignant when Caesar, in his final moments, utters Et tu, Brute? , revealing the emotional weight of his death at the hands of his trusted friend. Brutus justifies the murder as an act of patriotism, claiming he loves Rome more than Caesar, yet his internal conflict and the consequences of his idealism are central to the scene s tragic tone. The scene highlights the tension between personal loyalty and public duty, while also setting the stage for the political chaos that follows, as the conspirators actions lead to civil war rather than the preservation of freedom. Caesar s death, while intended to save Rome, ironically sets in motion the rise of a new tyrant, Augustus, underscoring the dramatic irony at play. The scene also foreshadows the rhetorical battle that will follow, particularly with Mark Antony s manipulation of public sentiment, revealing the dangerous power of language and persuasion in shaping history. Overall, this scene marks a critical turning point in the play, where political ideals and personal betrayals collide, with devastating consequences. Glossary Et tu, Brute?: You too, Brutus? Caesar s final words uttered upon seeing Brutus join the assassination. This phrase represents betrayal and deep personal pain. Soothsayer: A person believed to be able to predict the future. He warns Caesar of danger before the assassination. ACT III, SCENE 2 (out of 3): Rome. Before the Capitol; The Forum Characters' Names Brutus | Mark Antony | Plebeians | Cassius Major Themes 1. Power of Rhetoric: This scene showcases the power of rhetoric and oratory. Brutus and Antony use their speeches to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. The crowd s allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony, highlighting the influence of words and the fickle nature of public opinion. 2. Loyalty: Brutus loyalty to Rome leads him to assassinate Caesar, while Antony s loyalty to Caesar leads him to turn the crowd against the conspirators. This theme explores the personal cost of political ambition and the unpredictable nature of loyalty. 3. Ambition: Brutus accuses Caesar of being ambitious a trait that he argues would have led to tyranny. Antony refutes this claim, turning the crowd against the conspirators. This theme underscores the potential dangers of unchecked ambition. 4. Public Perception and Power: Caesar s grandiose rhetoric, the conspirators bloody display and Antony s calculated response highlight the battle for public opinion in Act III, Scene 1. Each seeks to control how Rome perceives their authority or actions, revealing power s dependence on the crowd s approval. The assassination isn t just about killing Caesar but about who controls the narrative afterward. It complements the correction by focusing on the scene s events (e.g., the soothsayer s dismissal as a power play) and offers a fresh lens distinct from the document s current themes, including loyalty. Synopsis Act III, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" is a crucial turning point in the play. This scene unfolds in the Roman Forum and is marked by two significant speeches by Brutus and Mark Antony. The scene commences with Brutus and Cassius making their way into the Forum, accompanied by a crowd of plebeians. Brutus steps forward to address the crowd, appealing to their sense of reason and invoking respect Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 5 for his honour. He clarifies that his actions against Caesar were not driven by a lack of love for Caesar, but rather by a greater love for Rome. He argues that Caesar's ambition was a threat to Roman liberty, which led him to eliminate Caesar. He assures the crowd that he would willingly accept the same fate for the welfare of Rome, if necessary. The crowd, influenced by Brutus' logical reasoning and apparent nobility, vocally expresses their approval. After Brutus' speech, Mark Antony enters the scene with Caesar's body. Act-III Brutus leaves, allowing Antony to Scene-2 address the crowd. Antony's speech, which famously begins with "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears", is a brilliant display of rhetoric and persuasion. He subtly challenges Brutus' arguments, questioning the Scan Me! claim that Caesar was ambitious. He reminds the crowd of Caesar's refusal of the crown and his compassion for the poor, suggesting that these actions contradict the accusation of ambition. Antony's speech is emotionally charged, and he even pauses to weep at one point, further influencing the crowd's sympathies. Antony's speech effectively turns the crowd against Brutus and the conspirators. The crowd, initially swayed by Brutus' reasoning, is now moved by Antony's emotional appeal and begins to perceive the assassination of Caesar as an act of treachery. The scene concludes with the crowd stirred into a frenzy, ready to revolt against the conspirators. This scene is a powerful demonstration of the influence of rhetoric and public opinion. Both Brutus and Antony use their speeches to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. However, while Brutus appeals to reason and logic, Antony appeals to emotion, proving to be more effective in influencing the crowd. The scene underscores the volatile nature of public opinion, as the crowd's allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony. Moreover, this scene sets the stage for the ensuing chaos and conflict in the play. The crowd's revolt marks the beginning of the downfall of Brutus and the conspirators, leading to the tragic climax of the play. Essentially, Act III, Scene 2 serves as a turning point in the play "Julius Caesar", marking the transition from political intrigue to open conflict. Critical Analysis The funeral orations scene in Julius Caesar (Act III, Scene 2) is a compelling study of rhetoric s power, contrasting Brutus logical but detached appeal to Roman honour with Antony s masterful emotional manipulation. Brutus justifies Caesar s assassination through reasoned argument Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more yet underestimates the plebeians volatility, while Antony, with calculated irony ( honourable men ) and visceral imagery (Caesar s wounds, his will), incites the crowd s fury, exposing their fickleness as they swiftly turn from praise to violence. This pivotal moment critiques mob mentality and political persuasion, revealing how easily reason is eclipsed by passion, foreshadowing the chaos of civil war and underscoring Shakespeare s timeless warning about the dangers of demagoguery and unchecked rhetoric in leadership. Glossary Ambition: A strong desire for power or achievement. In this context, it refers to Caesar s alleged ambition to become king, which Brutus presents as a threat to Roman liberty. Plebeians: The common people of Rome, who form the audience for Brutus and Antony s speeches. ACT III, SCENE 3 (out of 3): Rome. A street Characters' Names Cinna the Poet | The Plebeians Major Themes 1. Mob Mentality: This scene vividly portrays the way in which mob mentality has overtaken Rome. The plebeians, once swayed by Brutus speech justifying Caesar s murder, are now easily incited to violence against an innocent man. Their actions underscore the theme of chaos and disorder in the play. 2. Mistaken Identity: The mistaken identity of Cinna the Poet for Cinna the conspirator is a common device used by Shakespeare. Despite Cinna the Poet s attempts to clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. This theme highlights the irrationality and chaos that ensues in the aftermath of Caesar s assassination. 3. Role of the Artist: The attack on Cinna the Poet raises questions about the role of the artist in society. Despite being innocent, Cinna the Poet is attacked for his bad verses. This theme invites the reader to examine the position of the poet in society and the responsibility of the artist in making a good and well-ordered society. 4. Chaos and Disorder: The scene shows how far the ordered society has disintegrated following Caesar s assassination. The plebeians attack on Cinna the Poet symbolises the breakdown of rationality and justice in Rome, setting the stage for the civil strife that follows. Synopsis Act III, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a short scene that takes place in the streets of Rome. Cinna the Act-III Poet is on his way to attend Caesar s Scene-3 funeral when he is accosted by a group of riotous citizens. They mistake him for Cinna the conspirator, and despite his protests, they attack him. This scene serves as comic relief in the play and Scan Me! portrays the plebeians as a mindless herd, swayed easily by the events around them. 6 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 This scene is significant, as it shows the chaos and mob mentality that has overtaken Rome following Caesar s assassination. The plebeians, who were once swayed by Brutus speech justifying Caesar s murder, are now easily incited to violence against an innocent man. The scene underscores the disintegration of order in society and the dangerous power of mob mentality. Critical Analysis The brutal murder of Cinna the Poet (Act III, Scene 3) serves as a harrowing culmination of the chaos unleashed by Antony s funeral oration, showcasing Shakespeare s critique of mob mentality and the dangerous consequences of political manipulation. Mistaken for Cinna the conspirator, the poet s desperate pleas I am Cinna the poet! are met with chilling indifference ( Tear him for his bad verses ), illustrating the mob s descent into irrational violence. The scene s tragic irony lies in the plebeians refusal to distinguish between innocence and guilt, their frenzy rendering reason obsolete. Cinna s ominous premonition and forced departure mirror the play s themes of fate and helplessness, while the mob s cries Burn all! foreshadow the impending civil war. Shakespeare underscores the collateral damage of rhetorical manipulation, as Antony s calculated incitement spirals into indiscriminate brutality, exposing the fragility of social order when emotion overpowers judgment. In just 35 lines, the scene delivers a powerful warning: in times of political upheaval, the first casualty is often truth, followed swiftly by the innocent. Glossary Mob mentality: how people are influenced by their peers to feel a certain way about something. Accosted: to approach and speak to (someone) in an often challenging or aggressive way. Assassination: murder by sudden or secret attack, often for political reasons. ACT IV, SCENE 1 (out of 3): A Room in Antony s House Characters' Names Antony | Octavius | Lepidus Major Themes 1. Power and Manipulation: This scene reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. Antony's manipulative tactics are on full display as he plans to use Lepidus for his own benefit and then discard him. This theme is further emphasised by the strategic planning of Antony and Octavius to raise an army against Brutus and Cassius. 2. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene shows Antony and Octavius planning to alter Caesar's will, which can be seen as a betrayal of Caesar's trust. However, they justify their actions as being for the greater good, showing a complex interplay between personal loyalty and political expediency. 3. Public vs Private Self: Antony's transformation from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician is evident in this scene. His public persona is vastly different from his private self, highlighting the theme of the dichotomy between public and private identities. 4. Fate vs Free Will: The decisions made in this scene, such as who among the conspirators should be executed and the plan to fight Brutus and Cassius, reflect the characters' exercise of free will. However, these decisions also set the course for future events, suggesting the influence of fate. 5. War and Conflict: The scene ends with Antony and Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and Cassius, introducing the theme of war and conflict, which becomes prominent in the later acts of the play. Synopsis In Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus meet to decide who among the Act-IV conspirators should be executed. They Scene-1 send Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will, intending to alter some of its provisions. Antony conveys to Octavius that Lepidus serves only as a tool for use and disposal. The scene ends with Antony and Octavius planning to raise an army Scan Me! to fight Brutus and Cassius. This scene is crucial, as it reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. It shows Antony's manipulative side and his willingness to use others for his benefit. The scene also sets the stage for the upcoming conflict with Brutus and Cassius. The decisions made in this scene have significant consequences for the rest of the play. The power struggle within the triumvirate foreshadows future conflicts. Antony's manipulative tactics hint at his transformation from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician. The plan to fight Brutus and Cassius propels the plot towards the climactic battle in the later acts. This scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, marking a shift from political intrigue in Rome to the impending war. Critical Analysis Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar plays a crucial role in the development of the political dynamics and personal tensions that ultimately lead to the downfall of key characters. The scene primarily involves the characters of Antony, Octavius and Lepidus as they consolidate power after Caesar s assassination, setting the stage for the impending conflict between the members of the Second Triumvirate and their enemies. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 7 Act IV, Scene 1 demonstrates the uneasy alliance between the three leaders: Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. The Triumvirs are attempting to solidify their rule, but underlying tensions between them are already evident. Antony takes the lead, using Lepidus as a mere pawn, and displays his contempt for him by questioning his loyalty and ability. This foreshadows the eventual breakdown of the alliance. Octavius, on the other hand, is more reserved but equally ambitious, hinting that he may soon rival Antony for power. Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar portrays the corrupting influence of power and the moral ambiguity that accompanies political struggles. The interaction between Antony, Octavius and Lepidus reveals their personal ambitions and shows how their alliance is built on manipulation and expediency rather than genuine loyalty. The scene foreshadows the violent confrontations that will define the second half of the play, emphasising themes of power, corruption and the inevitable collapse of political systems founded on betrayal and bloodshed. Glossary Triumvirate: A group of three people working together, especially in leadership roles of some kind. Shrewd: Cunning or tricky. ACT IV, SCENE 2 (out of 3): Before Brutus tent, in the camp near Sardis Characters' Names Brutus| Cassius| Lucilus| Pindarus| Titinius Major Themes 1. Distrust and Suspicion: The scene depicts growing suspicion and distrust between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus finds Cassius' politeness excessive and insincere, which leads him to doubt Cassius' loyalty. This theme is depicted through their dialogue and the tension between them. 2. Conflict between Personal and Public Life: Brutus and Cassius try to keep their personal conflict private and away from the public eye, indicating a struggle between their personal feelings and public duties. This theme is depicted when they decide to argue in Brutus' tent, away from their armies. 3. Decay of Friendship: The scene shows the deterioration of the friendship between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus feels that Cassius is not the friend he used to be, indicating a decay in their relationship. These themes develop in the scene through the interactions and dialogues between the characters. The growing distrust between Brutus and Cassius escalates the tension in the scene. The conflict between personal and public life is highlighted when they decide to argue privately. The decay of friendship is evident in Brutus' observations about Cassius' changed behaviour. Synopsis In Act IV, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar", Brutus, Lucius, Lucilius, and other soldiers are in an army camp near Sardis. They meet Titinius and Pindarus, who bring news that Cassius is approaching. Brutus expresses his concerns about Cassius to Lucilius, stating that Cassius seems insincere and overly polite, which makes him distrustful. Cassius arrives and accuses Brutus of having wronged him. Surprised, Brutus respond that he does not even wrong his enemies, so, how could he wrong a "brother?" Cassius reacts impatiently. They decide to withdraw to Brutus' tent so that their argument will not be overheard by the army. This scene is crucial, as it reveals the growing suspicion and tension between Brutus and Cassius. Their deteriorating trust and the resulting conflict are significant plot developments. The scene also highlights Brutus' integrity and his commitment to justice, even when dealing with a friend. The scene is a powerful depiction of the strain that political strife can put on personal relationships. It shows how suspicion and conflict can arise even among those who are supposedly on the same side. The dialogue between Brutus and Act-IV Scene-2 Cassius is particularly noteworthy for its exploration of themes such as trust, honour, and integrity. The scene also serves to build tension and anticipation in the audience as they await the Scan Me! resolution of the conflict between Brutus and Cassius. Critical Analysis ACT IV, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar focuses on the growing tension between Brutus and Cassius, the two conspirators who had previously plotted to kill Caesar. This scene presents a sharp contrast to the earlier scenes of unity among the conspirators and highlights personal and political conflicts. It s a moment of psychological and emotional strife for both men as they prepare for the upcoming battle, and it offers insights into their characters and motivations. This scene is pivotal for the development of Brutus and Cassius s relationship, which is marked by growing animosity and mistrust. The two men are already experiencing strain in their alliance, something that becomes more apparent as they argue in this scene. In Julius Caesar Act IV, Scene 2, Shakespeare highlights the psychological and emotional complexities of Brutus and Cassius, emphasising the personal conflicts that threaten to destroy their political ambitions. The scene explores themes of honour, loyalty, and trust, as the two 8 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 characters different moralities lead to their eventual fallout. The power struggles and the emotional toll of their decisions foreshadow the tragic conclusion of their rebellion, illustrating the destructive nature of ambition and the fragility of personal relationships in times of political crisis. Glossary Distrustful: feeling or showing distrust of someone or something. Anticipation: excitement. ACT IV, SCENE 3 (out of 3): Within the tent of Brutus Characters' Names Brutus | Cassius | Portia | Caesar s Ghost Major Themes 1. Conflict and Betrayal: The argument between Brutus and Cassius highlights the conflict within the conspirators' camp. This conflict is not just about their current situation, but also about their betrayal of Caesar. Their disagreement mirrors their earlier disagreement over whether to assassinate Antony, revealing a rift in their alliance. 2. Honour and Principle vs Pragmatism: The conflict between Brutus and Cassius also brings out the theme of honour and principle versus pragmatism. Brutus is driven by honour and principle, while Cassius is more pragmatic. This difference in their characters leads to tension and disagreement. 3. Personal Tragedy and Stoicism: The news of Portia's suicide introduces the theme of personal tragedy. Brutus, despite his personal loss, remains stoic and committed to his cause. This theme is a reflection of the larger tragedy that is unfolding as a result of the conspirators' actions. 4. Guilt and Prophecy: The appearance of Caesar's ghost brings the themes of guilt and prophecy into the scene. The ghost serves as a reminder of the guilt Brutus carries for his role in Caesar's assassination. It also prophesies Brutus' downfall, adding a sense of impending doom to the scene. 5. Public vs Private Self: The characters in this scene grapple with their public and private selves. Brutus, for instance, suppresses his private grief over Portia's death and presents a strong front to his men. This theme is explored throughout the play, as characters strive to balance their personal feelings with their public duties. These themes are intricately connected and they influence the events in the rest of the play. The conflict and betrayal lead to disunity among the conspirators, the differing views on honour and pragmatism cause further disagreements, the personal tragedies experienced by the characters add to the overall tragic tone of the play, and the themes of guilt, prophecy, and the struggle between public and private selves-all contribute to the characters' actions and the play's tragic outcome. Synopsis The argument between Brutus and Cassius is a pivotal moment in their relationship. It reveals the cracks in their alliance and foreshadows the eventual disintegration of the conspiracy against Caesar. The tension between them also underscores the theme of friendship versus duty that runs throughout the play. Portia s suicide is a significant event Act-IV Scene-3 that adds another layer of tragedy to the play. It symbolises the personal cost of the political machinations in Rome. Brutus stoic reaction to her death further emphasises his commitment to his principles over his personal feelings. Scan Me! This also foreshadows Brutus own tragic end, as he too will fall victim to the violent world he has helped create. The appearance of Caesar s ghost is a powerful symbol of guilt and impending doom. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of Brutus actions and foreshadows his downfall. The ghost s prophecy of meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the stage for the final act of the play. The appearance of Caesar s ghost in Brutus s tent emphasises the themes of guilt and impending doom. As the ghost declares, Thy evil spirit, Brutus, it serves as a manifestation of Brutus s remorse for Caesar s assassination and a prophetic warning of his impending defeat at Philippi, heightening the tragic tension of the scene. This scene sets the tone for the final act of the play. The disunity among the conspirators, Brutus personal grief, and the haunting prophecy of Caesar s ghost all contribute to the sense of impending tragedy. As the play moves towards its climax at the Battle of Philippi, these elements come together to create a powerful commentary on the destructive consequences of political ambition and the human cost of power. Critical Analysis Act IV, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal scene in the play, as it highlights the tensions between Brutus and Cassius, explores the theme of honour versus pragmatism, and sets the stage for the impending battle between the forces of Brutus and Cassius on one side and those of Antony and Octavius on the other. This scene deepens the psychological complexity of both Brutus and Cassius, reveals the moral conflicts they face, and foreshadows the tragic outcome of their rebellion. Act IV, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is crucial in developing both the psychological complexity of Brutus and Cassius and the play s broader themes of honour, political power, and personal conflict. The scene underscores the tensions that arise when ideals clash with political realities and highlights the fragility of alliances based on personal animosities and distrust. Brutus s emotional Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 9 turmoil, the moral divide between him and Cassius, and their temporary reconciliation all contribute to the play s exploration of political failure and personal tragedy. This scene sets the stage for the impending conflict, foreshadowing the downfall of the conspirators as they struggle to reconcile their personal differences in the face of a larger, more dangerous external threat. Glossary Impending doom: a feeling of knowing that something life-threatening or tragic is about to occur. Pivotal: of crucial importance in relation to the development. ACT V, SCENE 1 (out of 5): The Plains of Philippi Characters' Names Octavius | Antony | Brutus | Cassius Major Themes 1. Power Struggle: The scene opens with a tense confrontation between the triumvirs (Octavius and Antony) and the conspirators (Brutus and Cassius), reflecting the ongoing conflict for control of Rome. This is further highlighted in the verbal duel between the triumvirate and the conspirators. 2. Language and Persuasion: The exchange of insults and accusations underscores the power of language and its role in persuasion. The characters use words as weapons, attempting to undermine each other s authority and resolve. 3. Fate vs. Free Will: Cassius, who previously dismissed omens as an Epicurean philosophy that believes that the gods do not involve themselves directly in the fate of man, starts to believe in them due to the gravity of the situation. This shift suggests a tension between fate and free will, a recurring theme in the play. 4. Friendship and Loyalty: The poignant parting between Cassius and Brutus highlights the theme of friendship and loyalty. Despite the impending battle and their differing views, their bond remains strong. 5. Public Image vs. Private Perception: The characters grapple with their public roles and private emotions. Brutus, for instance, suppresses his personal feelings for the perceived greater good of Rome. 6. Fear of Death: The characters contemplation of the impending battle and potential death brings forth the theme of mortality. Their reactions vary, reflecting their personal philosophies and attitudes towards life and death. These themes not only shape the actions and motivations of the characters in this scene but also contribute to the overall narrative and message of the play. They provide a deeper understanding of the characters dilemmas and the tragic consequences of their actions. Synopsis The scene unfolds on "Plains of Philippi", where Octavius and Antony, along with their forces, are preparing for the arrival of Brutus, Cassius and their armies. Antony suggests Octavius take the left side of the battlefield, but Octavius, asserting his authority, insists on taking the right. As the opposing generals meet, a verbal confrontation ensues. Antony accuses Brutus of hypocrisy for his role in Caesar s assassination and criticises the conspirators for their cowardly acts. Cassius, on the other hand, blames Antony for his deceit during the post-assassination meeting with the conspirators. He expresses regret that they have to endure Antony s insults, suggesting that things would have been different had Antony been killed alongside Caesar. Octavius, eager for battle, declares his intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors. He Act-V Scene-1 vows not to sheathe his sword until one of these outcomes is achieved. The exchange of words culminates in a poignant farewell between Cassius and Brutus, who fear that this might be their last meeting. They part on Scan Me! a sombre note, with Cassius saying, Forever, and forever, Brutus! / If we do meet again, we ll smile indeed; / If not, is true this parting was well made. The opening of the final act with a battle of words is fitting, given the play s emphasis on language, persuasion and power. The power struggle between Octavius and Antony and the verbal duel between the triumvirate and the conspirators underscore the importance and potential power of language. This was particularly relevant in the Elizabethan era, where language was seen as deriving its authority from God s Word. The scene opens with a tense confrontation between the triumvirs (Octavius and Antony) and the conspirators (Brutus and Cassius), reflecting the ongoing conflict for control of Rome. Its impact has already been felt, leading to violence and war. Yet, the scene concludes on a poignant note with the parting of Cassius and Brutus, reminding the audience of the divine source of language. Brutus contemplation at the end of the battle hints at a desire to understand life s purpose and the possibility of an end beyond this life, returning the audience to the word, a concept deeply ingrained in Elizabethan consciousness. This scene serves as a microcosm of the themes of the play power, language, friendship and fate and sets the tone for the dramatic conclusion. The power dynamics, the tension, and the emotional depth of the scene are all amplified, setting the stage for the climax of the play. The scene ends with a sense of foreboding, setting the stage for the final confrontation. The parting words of Cassius and Brutus underscore the gravity of the situation and the uncertainty of their fate, adding a layer of poignancy to the scene. The power of their friendship and their shared cause is highlighted in their farewell, serving as a stark contrast to the animosity and conflict that pervade the rest of the scene. This juxtaposition underscores the tragic nature of their 10 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 predicament and the high stakes of the impending battle. The scene ends on a note of suspense, leaving the audience in anticipation of the final act. Critical Analysis Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a critical turning point in the play, as it sets the stage for the final battle between the forces of the conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, and the army of the triumvirs, led by Antony and Octavius. The scene is filled with political tension, dramatic confrontations and philosophical reflection on the consequences of Caesar s assassination. Scene 1 takes place on the plains of Philippi, where the armies of the conspirators and the triumvirs are about to engage in battle. This scene marks the culmination of the power struggle that has been building since the assassination of Julius Caesar in Act III. The battle will determine the future of Rome and the fate of Brutus, Cassius, Antony and Octavius. The philosophical dimension of the scene is heightened by the contrast between Brutus and Cassius. Cassius, often more pragmatic and cynical, worries about the outcome of the battle, and there is a sense of doom surrounding him. Brutus, however, believes they are fighting for a noble cause and that fate is on their side. This tension between fatalism and self-determination is central to the scene. Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for the final resolution of the political and personal conflicts. Through its portrayal of ideological differences, omens and the tension between fate and free will, the scene explores the tragic consequences of political ambition and the complex relationship between power, morality and responsibility. Ultimately, it underscores the cyclical nature of history, where even the most idealistic attempts to protect Rome lead to its destruction. Glossary Hypocrisy: The practice of claiming to have higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case. Juxtaposition: The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effects. ACT V, SCENE 2 (out of 5): The plains of Philippi. The field of battle Character' Names Brutus | Messala Major Themes 1. Leadership and Strategy: Brutus, as a leader, makes strategic decisions based on his observations of the battlefield. His decision to attack Octavius s forces demonstrates his role as a military strategist. This theme is significant as it underscores the political and military aspects of the play. 2. Courage and Determination: Brutus s determination to exploit the perceived weakness in Octavius s forces, despite the uncertainties of war, highlights his courage. This theme is central to the play as it explores the personal qualities required in leadership roles. 3. Fear and Desperation: The scene also brings out the theme of fear and desperation. Brutus s decision to attack, despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation. This theme adds a layer of complexity to Brutus s character and sets the stage for the tragic events that follow. These themes not only add depth to the characters and the plot but also contribute to the tragic outcome of the play. The decisions made in this scene have far-reaching consequences, leading to the eventual downfall of Brutus and his allies. Thus, this scene plays a crucial role in advancing the plot and developing the tragic arc of the play. Synopsis During the early course of the Battle at Philippi, Brutus sends Messala a message, urging Cassius to engage the enemy forces at once. Brutus believes that the forces under Octavius, positioned before him, are currently unspirited and vulnerable to attack. This scene is a testament to Brutus hope and the rashness born of having nothing more to lose. The scene s Act-V Scene-2 brevity and the quickness of its language are meant to heighten the tension of the battle for the audience. In an Elizabethan theatre, there was no scenery to shift the action was fast as actors left and came back on stage, sometimes in a matter of Scan Me! seconds. The battle, for the most part, takes place offstage. The important action of this final act will lie in the fates of the characters, not in their swordplay. Thus, this scene underscores the significance of the characters decisions and their impact on the unfolding events. Critical Analysis Act V, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar serves as a pivotal moment in the final battle, continuing the struggle between the forces of the conspirators (led by Brutus and Cassius) and the triumvirs (led by Antony and Octavius). While this scene is short, it is loaded with dramatic significance and sheds light on the themes of loyalty, honour, and fate, which have been central throughout the play. The scene takes place on the battlefield at Philippi, where the forces of Brutus and Cassius are engaged in the final conflict with Antony and Octavius. This scene occurs after Brutus's and Cassius s forces have been separated during the course of the battle. It marks a key turning point, as Brutus's and Cassius face challenges that begin to hint at their impending defeat. The focus of the scene is on Brutus s decisive leadership and the urgency of his strategic response to the battlefield dynamics. Brutus s command to Messala, marked by the repeated cry of Ride, ride, Messala , underscores the high stakes and frenetic pace of the Battle of Philippi. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 11 This repetition not only conveys Brutus s anxious determination to seize a perceived opportunity but also heightens the dramatic tension for the audience. This act of loyalty plays a crucial role in the moral and philosophical undertones of the scene. Act V, Scene 2, though brief, is laden with significant thematic content that furthers the play s exploration of loyalty, honour and the tension between idealism and pragmatism. Lucilius s loyalty to Brutus and his ultimate sacrifice speak to the moral and philosophical core of the play. Yet, despite this loyalty, the play underscores the tragic nature of Brutus s leadership and the downfall of his ideals. The scene is a microcosm of the larger events at play in Julius Caesar, which reveal that despite the nobility of their cause, the conspirators are ultimately doomed by the forces of history and the ruthlessness of their enemies. Glossary Swordplay: the activity or skill of fencing with swords or foils. Heighten: to become or to make something greater or stronger. ACT V, SCENE 3 (out of 5): Another Part of the Field Characters' Names Cassius | Titinius | Brutus | Pindarus Major Themes 1. Miscommunication and Misinterpretation: This theme is central to the scene. Cassius death is a direct result of Pindarus misinterpretation of the situation on the battlefield. This tragic miscommunication leads to a series of unfortunate events, including Titinius suicide. This theme has been developed in previous scenes, particularly in the manipulation and misuse of language by characters like Cassius and Brutus. The impact of this theme is felt throughout the play as it leads to the tragic end of several characters and, ultimately, the downfall of Brutus. 2. Despair and Suicide: Despair is a powerful theme in this scene. Cassius despair leads him to ask Pindarus to kill him, and Titinius, upon discovering Cassius body, also kills himself. This theme is a continuation of earlier scenes where Brutus contemplates suicide as an honourable way out. The impact of this theme is significant, as it leads to the tragic end of the play with Brutus suicide. 3. Friendship and Loyalty: The deep friendship between Cassius and Brutus is evident in this scene. Cassius love for his friend leads to his downfall, and Brutus reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his deep sense of loss and loyalty. This theme has been developed since the beginning of the play, with Cassius manipulating Brutus trust to convince him to join the conspiracy against Caesar. The impact of this theme is felt throughout the play as it influences the actions of the characters and ultimately leads to their tragic ends. 4. Transformation of Characters: The transformation of characters, particularly Cassius and Brutus, is a significant theme in this scene. Cassius transforms from a manipulative character to one who shows a deep love for his friend, while Brutus transforms from a passive character to a man of action. This theme has been developing since the beginning of the play, and its impact is felt in the rest of the play as it influences the audience s perception of these characters and sets the stage for their tragic ends. These themes, developed in this scene and previous ones, significantly impact the rest of the play, setting the stage for the tragic events that follow. They highlight the tragic consequences of miscommunication, the despair that leads to suicide, the power of friendship and loyalty, and the transformation of characters, all of which contribute to the tragic end of the play. Synopsis In Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, the battlefield becomes a site of miscommunication and tragic errors. Cassius, seeing his men retreating and Brutus forces foraging for spoils, sends Titinius to identify distant soldiers and asks Pindarus to observe from a hill. Pindarus misinterprets the scene, leading Cassius to believe that Titinius has been captured. In despair, Cassius asks Pindarus to kill him, which he does, marking a tragic end to Cassius life, with his last words being a tribute to Caesar. However, Titinius was not captured but was hailed by Brutus troops. He Act-V Scene-3 returns with Messala, intending to comfort Cassius with news of Octavius defeat by Brutus, only to find Cassius dead. Shocked, Titinius kills himself with Cassius sword. Brutus arrives on the scene with Messala, Young Cato, Scan Me! Strato, Volumnius and Lucilius, finding the bodies of Titinius and Cassius. He says a sad farewell to them, calling Cassius the last of all the Romans , before leaving for another encounter with the enemy. This scene is a poignant illustration of the tragic consequences of miscommunication. Cassius death is a result of Pindarus misreading of the battle and Cassius own despair. The belief of Titinius and Messala that Cassius killed himself due to a loss of faith in their cause and in Brutus abilities adds a layer of tragedy to his death. The audience s perception of Cassius and Brutus undergoes a significant shift in this scene. Cassius, initially portrayed as a manipulative and emotionless character with unclear motives for killing Caesar, shows a deep love for his friend at the end, albeit one that leads to his downfall. His melancholy becomes the mother to his death, and in contrast to Brutus virility in the face of his friend s death, Cassius appears less manly. Brutus, on the other hand, transforms from a passive character pursued by Cassius to a man of action. The 12 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship with Cassius sweeps away any doubts about his nobility. This scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, highlighting the tragic consequences of miscommunication and the evolving perceptions of its central characters. Critical Analysis Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is one of the key moments of the play, marked by conflict and the consequences of political betrayal. In this scene, Brutus and Cassius face off against the forces of Mark Antony and Octavius in the final battle at Philippi. The sense of inevitable fate plays a significant role in this scene. Both Brutus and Cassius, in their final moments, seem to be resigned to the idea that they cannot escape the consequences of their actions. Brutus, who is the more idealistic and honourable of the two conspirators, feels that his actions were justified for the good of Rome. However, by the end of the scene, it becomes evident that the conspirators, despite their greatest efforts, are powerless to change their fate. Brutus s recognition of this fatalism contrasts sharply with his earlier idealism when he justified Caesar s assassination to protect Rome from tyranny. In this scene, Brutus is a tragic figure, bound by his sense of duty and honour. He is the first to accept the fact that they have lost the battle and that his life has been marked by his flawed decisions. His decision to kill Caesar, once driven by a belief in the good of Rome, ultimately leads him to this moment of self-doubt and personal collapse. The setting of the battle symbolises the final confrontation between the forces of democracy (as represented by Brutus) and those of autocracy (represented by Antony and Octavius). The chaos of the battlefield reflects the turmoil and breakdown of the political order in Rome, which Brutus hoped to prevent but ultimately accelerates. This scene is crucial in the dramatic arc of the play because it marks the collapse of the conspirators cause. It s a denouement where the consequences of the earlier actions come to fruition. The scene also echoes the theme of conflict, both internal (Brutus s struggle with his conscience) and external (the battle with Antony and Octavius). The confrontation in this scene, though brief, serves to underscore the failure of the conspiracy and the fall of the noble ideals that drove it. Act V, Scene 3 is essential in portraying the moral and political decay that results from the assassination of Caesar. It illustrates the tragic flaws of the protagonists Brutus s idealism and Cassius s pragmatism and serves as a reminder of the destructive power of ambition and betrayal. In this scene, Shakespeare emphasises the inescapable consequences of their actions, bringing the play to a sombre, reflective conclusion. Glossary Melancholy: a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. Manipulative: Exercising unscrupulous control or influence over a person or situation. ACT V, SCENE 4 (out of 5): Another part of the field Characters' Names Brutus | Young Cato | Lucilius | Antony Major Themes 1. Loyalty: Loyalty is a major theme in this scene. Young Cato s loyalty to Rome and Brutus is evident in his battle cry, while Lucilius loyalty to Brutus is demonstrated when he assumes Brutus identity to protect him. Even when captured, Lucilius maintains his loyalty, asserting that Brutus will never be taken prisoner. 2. Mistaken Identity: The theme of mistaken identity is prominent in this scene. Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus by Antony s soldiers, a mistake that Lucilius intentionally orchestrates to protect Brutus. This theme underscores the chaos and confusion of the battlefield. 3. Realities of War: The harsh realities of war are highlighted in this scene. Antony s views on loyalty and principles reflect a more realistic, if somewhat cynical, approach to war. He believes that soldiers will always act in their best interest, even if it means abandoning their principles and loyalties. 4. Nobility and Sacrifice: The theme of nobility and sacrifice is embodied in the characters of Brutus, Young Cato and Lucilius. Their actions and decisions, driven by their principles and loyalties, stand in stark contrast to Antony s more pragmatic approach to war and leadership. These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis. They reflect the complexities of the characters and the intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the play. Synopsis In the heat of battle, Brutus, accompanied by Young Cato, Lucilius and others, enters the scene. He encourages them to remain Act-V Scene-4 steadfast and courageous before making their exit. Young Cato, in a display of loyalty to Rome and Brutus, cries out his name, proclaiming his identity as a foe to tyrants. The battle claims the life Scan Me! of Young Cato, while Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus and captured by Antony s soldiers. Believing they have Brutus in their custody, one soldier rushes off to inform Antony. Upon Antony s arrival, he enquires about Brutus, only to be informed by Lucilius that Brutus is still alive and Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 13 will never be taken captive. Antony, recognising Lucilius loyalty, assigns guards to him and orders his soldiers to continue their search for Brutus, reporting back to him at Octavius tent later. This scene is marked by a series of errors, with Antony s soldiers mistaking Lucilius for Brutus. Lucilius had assumed Brutus identity in an attempt to protect him, hoping that the soldiers, believing they had captured Brutus, would cease their search. However, Antony corrects their mistake, depriving Lucilius of a noble death. Now a prisoner, Lucilius value as a friend is questioned. Despite being the least likely to switch sides, the play leaves it unclear if he will. Antony s belief that soldiers will always act in their best interest, disregarding principles and loyalty, hints at his future rule one that is willing to abandon both principles and loyalties. Antony s views, while partially accurate, suggest that his rule, along with the triumvirate, will lack the nobility of men like Brutus and Lucilius. This scene underscores the harsh realities of war, where loyalty is fleeting and survival often necessitates changing sides. Critical Analysis Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar is an important scene in the final act of the play, depicting the chaotic and tragic fallout of the battle at Philippi. This scene shifts the focus away from the central characters like Brutus and Cassius and highlights the fate of the lesser characters, including Lucilius, who plays a key role in protecting Brutus. Here's a critical analysis of this scene. The scene opens with the battle between the forces of Brutus and Cassius on one side, and those of Antony and Octavius on the other. Lucilius, a loyal servant to Brutus, is captured by the enemy, but in a display of loyalty and deception, he pretends to be Brutus. He hopes to protect his master by drawing attention away from him. The ruse is unsuccessful, and Lucilius is taken by Antony's forces, but his loyalty to Brutus and his willingness to sacrifice himself for his leader speak volumes about the relationships between the characters. The scene acts as a brief but poignant moment of respite amid the chaos of battle. It shifts the focus away from the larger strategic conflicts and highlights personal honour and loyalty. In the midst of the external conflict, Lucilius s story offers a quieter, more intimate moment that underscores one of the central moral themes of the play: the conflict between personal honour and political power. This scene also helps build anticipation for the final outcomes in the play. The action, though minimal in the context of the overall battle, serves as a reminder that the war is not only about political leaders but also about the people who serve them and the personal costs they bear. Lucilius s fate and the symbolism of his actions set the stage for the final, tragic moments of the play. Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar serves as a microcosm of the play s larger themes of loyalty, deception, and the complex morality of political life. Through the character of Lucilius, Shakespeare contrasts personal loyalty with the larger political machinations that drive the tragic events of the play. This scene emphasises the cost of honour, as well as the unpredictable nature of fate, which continues to unfold even in the final moments of the battle for Rome. Glossary Depriving: Prevent (a person or place) from having or using something. Steadfast: Resolutely. ACT V, SCENE 5 (out of 5): Another Part of the Field Characters' Names Brutus | Clitus | Dardanius | Volumnius | Strato | Octavius | Antony | Messala | Lucilius Major Themes 1. Heroism and Honour: Brutus decision to end his life rather than be captured reflects the theme of heroism and honour. He chooses death over dishonour, adhering to the Roman ideal of a noble death. His act of running onto his sword portrays him as a tragic hero, embodying courage and nobility. 2. Loyalty and Friendship: The refusal of Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to assist Brutus in his suicide underscores their loyalty and the sanctity of their friendship. Strato s agreement to hold the sword for Brutus further emphasises the theme of loyalty and the bonds of comradeship. 3. Fate and Supernatural: The appearance of Caesar s ghost signifies the theme of fate and the supernatural. Brutus interprets the ghost s appearance as a sign of his impending death, indicating the influence of supernatural elements on human actions and destiny. 4. Rhetoric and Power: Antony s oration over Brutus body highlights the theme of rhetoric and power. His speech not only praises Brutus but also subtly manipulates the narrative, demonstrating the power of rhetoric in shaping perceptions and asserting authority. 5. Ambiguity and Uncertainty: The play ends on an ambiguous note, reflecting the theme of uncertainty. Despite the victory of Octavius and Antony, the future remains uncertain, mirroring the unpredictable nature of power and politics. This theme is a common trait in Shakespeare s works, adding depth and complexity to the narrative. 6. Conflict Between Stoicism and Emotionalism: Brutus, a stoic character, is seen struggling with his emotions in this scene. His desire for suicide goes against his stoic beliefs, highlighting the conflict between stoicism and emotionalism. This internal conflict adds a layer of complexity to Brutus character and the overall narrative. These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis. They reflect the complexities of the characters and the 14 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 Glossary intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the play. Synopsis In Act V, Scene 5, Brutus, worn out from battle, asks his comrades Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to end his life, but they refuse. Brutus reveals that he has seen Caesar s ghost again and believes his end is near. Despite Volumnius disagreement, Brutus insists on dying, as the enemy has them cornered. He requests that Volumnius hold his sword while he runs onto it, but Volumnius refuses, considering it an inappropriate act for a friend. As the enemy approaches, signalled by an alarm, Clitus advises Brutus to flee. However, Brutus bids farewell to his comrades, including Strato, who agrees to hold Brutus sword. They shake hands, and Brutus runs onto the sword, ending his life. Following the defeat of Brutus army, Act-V Scene-5 Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius and others discover Strato with Brutus body. Octavius offers to employ all who served Brutus, and Antony delivers a famous oration over Brutus body, praising him as the noblest Roman of all. Antony Scan Me! asserts that unlike the other conspirators who acted out of envy, Brutus acted for the general good of Rome. Octavius promises a fitting funeral for Brutus and orders the cessation of the battle, inviting his colleagues to celebrate their victory. Analysing the scene, Brutus fear of voicing his desire to die could be attributed to his stoic philosophy, which discourages suicide. His act of running onto his sword, however, portrays him as a heroic figure, ready to die rather than be conquered. This act could be interpreted in multiple ways by the audience, viewing Brutus as either a classical tragic hero or a Christian hero sacrificing his life for the people s good. Despite Antony and Octavius having the last word, Brutus narrative dominates the story. The ending leaves room for doubt, a common trait in Shakespeare s finales. While Caesar s reputation may have been restored and Brutus faults glossed over, the play ends as it began, with an uncertain future. This analysis underscores the complexity and depth of Shakespeare s characters and narrative. Trait: A particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has. Comrades: A colleague or a fellow member of an organisation. Critical Analysis Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar marks the tragic conclusion of the play, bringing the deaths of the central characters and the resolution of the civil war. This scene is crucial because it demonstrates the consequences of the conspirators actions and underscores the themes of honour, fate and the cost of political ideals. The scene begins with the death of Cassius, who, after misinterpreting the outcome of the battle and thinking that Brutus has been captured, orders his suicide. He does so by having his servant Pindarus kill him. After Cassius s death, Brutus s forces are ultimately defeated by Antony and Octavius. In the final moments of the scene, Brutus, realising that he is about to be captured and that his cause has failed, chooses to commit suicide. His death marks the culmination of his tragic arc. The scene presents key themes of honour, fate and the inevitability of death, as well as offering insight into the characters moral struggles. Act V, Scene 5 is the tragic culmination of the political and moral conflict in Julius Caesar. Through Brutus s suicide and Antony s respectful acknowledgement of his nobility, Shakespeare explores themes of honour, fate and the consequences of political idealism. Brutus s death, while a noble and stoic act, highlights the futility of his earlier decisions and underscores the play s central concern with the tension between personal virtue and the larger forces at play in Roman politics. Antony s recognition of Brutus as the noblest Roman of them all complicates the moral landscape, emphasising the complexity of character and the tragic consequences of actions driven by a deep sense of honour and duty. Ultimately, the scene reinforces the play s meditation on the price of political ambition and the inescapable nature of fate. TREASURE CHEST: COLLECTION OF POEMS CHAPTER-1 HAUNTED HOUSES Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Learning Objectives A nalyse the core themes and underlying messages of the poem. Evaluate how literary devices contribute to the poem's effectiveness. l Compare the unconventional portrayal of supernatural elements l l with traditional representations. A ssess the philosophical perspective presented in the poem's conclusion. l Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 15 About the Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807 82) is one of the most celebrated literary figures of the 19th century. Born in Portland, Maine, New England, he developed a love for literature and language. He began his career as a professor of modern languages. He later held positions at Harvard University, teaching modern languages and literature. He was the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy into English. Longfellow s poetry gained international acclaim for its lyricism and themes of love, nature and American history. Some of his famous works include Paul Revere's Ride , The Song of Hiawatha and Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie , which are living proofs of his uncanny ability to capture the spirit of the times and convey universal themes. Longfellow received numerous honours during his lifetime. He is the first American poet to have a bust in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He also had a U.S. commemorative postage stamp issued in his honour. Summary of the Poem Longfellow s poem is reflective and affirms that all houses where people have lived and died are haunted. The strangers in the house cannot perceive the spirits, but the ghosts are visible to those familiar with the place. The poem emphasises the continuity of life beyond the physical, with the spirits of those who once lived in the house; even in death, these spirits retain a connection to the places they inhabit. These houses are not solely the property of the living; instead, they hold a spiritual connection to the past, even in the absence of legal ownership or titles to the property. The spirit-world, described as an atmosphere, surrounds the world of the living. The poem concludes with a metaphorical image of a bridge of light connecting the two realms. This bridge serves as a metaphor for the mysterious connection between the tangible and intangible aspects of existence. In essence, Haunted Houses reflects the coexistence of the living and the dead, suggesting that houses retain the imprints and memories of past lives; the spiritual presence transcending time and connecting different generations. Critical Appreciation Haunted Houses by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a poignant and thought-provoking poem that explores the theme of loss, the passage of time, and the impact of memories on the human soul. The poem reflects on the idea of homes that are not haunted by ghosts, but by the memories of loved ones who have passed away. These memories and the emotions they evoke make these houses haunted , creating an atmosphere of melancholy and reflection. The poem is written in a lyrical style, with a consistent rhyme scheme (ABAB) and metre that contributes to its smooth, reflective tone. This form reinforces the contemplative mood of the poem. The central theme of Haunted Houses is the emotional haunting that persists even after a physical absence. Longfellow writes about how homes, once filled with life and joy, become haunted by the memories of those who once inhabited them. The homes are not inhabited by spirits in the traditional sense but by the presence of love, loss and nostalgia. Literary Devices There are several figures of speech that contribute to the poem's vivid imagery and overall impact. Here are some examples. 1. Metaphor: Haunted Houses: The entire poem is an extended metaphor. The houses themselves are not literally haunted by ghosts, rather, they symbolise the lingering memories and impressions of past inhabitants. They are our bodies, the containers of impressions of people from the past. 2. Personification: Harmless phantoms on their errands glide: The phantoms are personified by suggesting that they have errands , giving them a sense of purpose or direction. 3. Simile: As silent as the pictures on the wall: Silent ghosts are compared to pictures on the wall. Floats like an atmosphere: The spirit-world is likened to an atmosphere, using a simile to convey the idea that it surrounds the tangible world like air surrounds the Earth. 4. Symbolism: Bridge of light: The bridge of light is a symbolic representation of the connection between the world of spirits and the earthly realm. It symbolises a pathway or a link between the seen and the unseen. 5. Assonance: Above the dark abyss: The repetition of the short a sound in above and abyss is an example of assonance, creating a rhythmic and melodic quality. 6. Imagery: The stranger at my fireside cannot see/The forms I see: The use of visual imagery helps convey the idea that the speaker perceives something that is invisible to others. 7. Metonymy: Bridge of light: The bridge of light is a metonym for the connection or pathway between the spirit-world and the world of the living. These figures of speech contribute to the poem's richness and depth, helping to explore the themes of memory, the spirit-world and the connections between different realms of existence. Explanation of the Poem Stanzas 1 and 2 All houses wherein men have lived and died Are haunted houses. Through the open doors The harmless phantoms on their errands glide, With feet that make no sound upon the floors. 16 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 We meet them at the door-way, on the stair, Along the passages they come and go, Impalpable impressions on the air, A sense of something moving to and fro. Glossary Haunted: deeply influenced and replete with memories of the inhabitants of the past. Open doors: vulnerability or openness in our lives. Harmless phantoms: ghostly figures who do not hurt anyone; they are memories and impressions. Errands: (here) the purposes or reasons for influencing our lives Glide: move smoothly and silently; indicates the subtle influences they have on the living. Impalpable: difficult to feel or grasp; elusive nature of memories. Exp The poet of Haunted Houses firmly believes that all houses where men have lived and died are haunted, not in the horrific sense but in a gentle and intangible way. The harmless ghosts which glides through the doorways, staircase and passages without making any sound, intent on fulfilling their errands. They are without substance and, hence, outside our grasp. However, we can feel them moving to and fro, due to the imperceptible movements of the air. They are, in fact, the indelible marks or influence left by the people whom we interact with in life. They leave a subtle but meaningful imprints on us. Stanzas 3 and 4 There are more guests at table than the hosts Invited; the illuminated hall Is thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts, As silent as the pictures on the wall. The stranger at my fireside cannot see The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear; He but perceives what is; while unto me All that has been is visible and clear. Glossary Guests: (here) ghosts Illuminated hall: our subconscious mind Thronged: crowded Inoffensive: harmless Perceives: feels Exp The guests, in the form of quiet, harmless invisible ghosts, are more in number than the hosts around the dining table. They are as silent as the pictures on the wall. The stranger at the fireside cannot see their forms or hear the sounds made by them as the narrator does. However, he can perceive their presence. He may be aware of our current state but we are vividly aware of our history and the multitude of influences that lend us added perceptions and feelings. tanzas 5 and 6 S We have no title-deeds to house or lands; Owners and occupants of earlier dates From graves forgotten stretch their dusty hands, And hold in mortmain still their old estates. The spirit-world around this world of sense Floats like an atmosphere, and everywhere Wafts through these earthly mists and vapours dense A vital breath of more ethereal air. Glossary Title-deeds: claims or rights to ownership Mortmain: estate papers Ethereal: pure Exp The living survivors have no legal documents of ownership of the houses. They are held by the dead ancestors holding their hands from their forgotten graves. They move around like an atmosphere, and through it, a vital breath of purer air comes out. In other words, the ethereal life breathes into our perceptions, a wider understanding that enriches our experience. tanzas 7 and 8 S Our little lives are kept in equipoise By opposite attractions and desires; The struggle of the instinct that enjoys, And the more noble instinct that aspires. These perturbations, this perpetual jar Of earthly wants and aspirations high, Come from the influence of an unseen star An undiscovered planet in our sky. Glossary Equipoise: balance, equilibrium Perturbations: disturbances Perpetual: long-lasting Jar: a container of the memories and experiences of the individuals. Exp Our lives are balanced by equal opposing forces of our desires and attractions. They strike a balance between our basic instincts and high aspirations. We are made of instincts of mortal life, which give us enjoyment as well as higher aspirations of spirituality. Some people we encounter may pull us into a world of material pleasures whereas some may pull us into a higher level of thinking and spiritual experiences. They may be unseen and mysterious but they guide our inner beings. tanzas 9 and 10 S And as the moon from some dark gate of cloud Throws o er the sea a floating bridge of light, Across whose trembling planks our fancies crowd Into the realm of mystery and night, So from the world of spirits there descends A bridge of light, connecting it with this, O'er whose unsteady floor, that sways and bends, Wander our thoughts above the dark abyss. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 17 Glossary Abyss: deep unchartered territory, deep unfathomed sea. Exp The moon throws a bridge of light across the sea, establishing a close connection with the sky and the sea. Our imaginations haunt the area trying to unravel the dark mystery. Similarly, from the world of the spirits descends a bright light that binds us with the insubstantial forms of the dead souls that surround us. The dead never really die; they live within and around us, as fond memories and experiences. In short, past influences are guiding lights that can shape our journey. As we navigate through our lives, our decisions and feelings are continuously marked by those who have left an indelible impact on us. CHAPTER-2 THE GLOVE AND THE LIONS Leigh Hunt Learning Objectives Explore the customs, pastimes and social structures of medieval life. l Appreciate the rhythmic and narrative qualities of the ballad form. l Examine the code of chivalry and its associated virtues in medieval society. l About the Poet An English critic, essayist, poet and editor, Leigh Hunt (1784 1859) was a literary figure of the Romantic era. He is known for his contributions to literature, criticism and journalism. He was associated with prominent Romantic poets, including Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. He collaborated with Shelley on various literary projects. In 1813, he was imprisoned for two years for criticising Prince Regent (the future King George The Glove and IV). Although it was a challenging the Lions experience, it established his popularity as a champion of free speech. Leigh Hunt s poetry, essays and critical works include The Story of Rimini , a narrative poem, and Captain Sword and Captain Pen , a satirical work. His essays Scan Me! cover a wide range of topics, including literature, politics and social issues. Summary of the Poem The Glove and the Lions begins with the speaker describing King Francis and the courtiers that surround him. The king is lively and good-natured and enjoys games and bloody sports, which were an accepted norm in those times. The poem begins with him watching one of his favourite sporting activities, lion fighting. He is surrounded by aristocrats lords and ladies in their pride . The Court of Lorge is also present, with whom he sighs. The lady wants to test the love of the count and throws her glove into the arena posing a challenge to her admirer. The count jumps into the arena and alights quickly retrieving the glove. However, he throws it on the face of the lady with scorn. King Francis approves of D istinguish between genuine romantic devotion and superficial infatuation. l Analyse how poetic techniques enrich the storytelling and thematic depth. l the act and pronounces that it has not been love but pride and vanity which has prompted her to test her lover in such an unreasonable manner. Critical Appreciation The Glove and the Lion is a narrative poem written by Leigh Hunt, first published in 1819. It is a moral fable that uses a mix of humour, adventure and allegory to deliver a cautionary tale about human nature, bravery and the consequences of actions. The poem centres on a peculiar situation where a lady throws down her glove, and a lion, in an unexpected act of chivalry, retrieves it. Through this seemingly trivial act, Hunt subtly critiques the dynamics of human behaviour, courage and the sometimes misplaced nature of honour. The poem is written in rhymed couplets (AA, BB, CC...), giving it a smooth, rhythmic flow. The use of a simple, direct structure is fitting for the light-hearted, yet moralistic nature of the poem. The poem explores the theme of bravery, particularly the contrast between human courage and the animalistic bravery displayed by the lion. The knight, who is supposed to be the embodiment of valour, falters in the face of the challenge, while the lion acts without hesitation. Hunt suggests that courage is not defined by one s status or title but by one s actions, often in the most unexpected ways. Literary Devices 1. Alliteration: Repetition of the same sound or letters at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words to provide a rhythm and auditory experience that helps in the movement of the poem. For example, ramped and roared the lions . 18 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 2. Internal rhyme: Words sounding similar are used within the line to provide a musical quality. For example, love and king above and dropped her glove to prove his love . 3. Simile: Comparison of unlike objects to create word pictures. For example, gave blows like beams and brave as brave can be . 4. Symbolism: Use of an object, person or situation to represent something else. For example, a glove represents a test of chivalry, love and bravery. Lions represent ferocity and pride as well as danger and unpredictability. 5. Personification: Attributing human qualities to nonhuman forms. For example, horrid laughing jaws . The lions with open jaws looked as though they were laughing. 6. Repetition: Same word used for poetic effect. For example, The leap was quick, return was quick . 7. Hyperbole: For example, The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air . 8. Metaphor: Word used in place of another to suggest a likeness. For example, the sand and the tangle of mane said to be a thunderous smother. 9. Irony: The retrieval of the glove is a chivalrous act to impress the lady love but throwing it on her face is an ironical, unexpected gesture negating the code of the knights. Explanation of the Poem Stanza 1 King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport, And one day as his lions fought, sat looking on the court; The nobles filled the benches, and the ladies in their pride, And 'mongst them sat the Count de Lorge, with one for whom he sighed: And truly 'twas a gallant thing to see that crowning show, Valour and love, and a king above, and the royal beasts below. Glossary Hearty-king: natured, cheerful, vigorous Gallant: brave, chivalrous Valour: bravery Royal beasts: (here) the lions in the palace of the king Exp The poem opens with a tone of regal exuberance, introducing King Francis as a monarch who loved a royal sport likely referencing the tradition of staging animal combats for entertainment. The use of monosyllabic, strong-beat words like hearty, king, sport, creates a masculine and martial rhythm, immediately evoking the court's performative power dynamics. The phrase sat looking on the court reverses expectations: rather than the court watching the king, it is the king who observes his nobles, reinforcing his position at the apex of hierarchy and spectacle. The court is described as a carefully arranged social stage nobles filled the benches , ladies in their pride . The phrase in their pride does not merely refer to beauty or dress, but implies social awareness and competitive elegance, foreshadowing the lady s later performative challenge. Count de Lorge s love is not a private affair it exists in full view of the court. The verb sighed is significant: it suggests a romantic melancholy, a quiet, interior emotion in contrast to the public spectacle unfolding around them. Thus, a tension is introduced: love (private, personal) vs. courtly performance (public, performative). The use of the oxymoron in the last oi 'royal beasts' underlines the contradiction in the court- between outward show (royal) and inherent nature (beast or bestiality). The beasts here represents both the lions and the nobles who must fight amongst themselves for the king s favour. The ladies are majestic and sitting in pride, an allusion to the pride of lions. Stanza 2 Ramped and roared the lions, with horrid laughing jaws; They bit, they glared, gave blows like beams, a wind went with their paws; With wallowing might and stifled roar they rolled on one another; Till all the pit with sand and mane was in a thunderous smother; The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air; Said Francis then, "Faith, gentlemen, we're better here than there." Glossary Ramped: prowled Wallowing might: immense, crushing power Thunderous smother: deafening roars Whisking: spraying Exp This stanza thrusts us into the raw, chaotic energy of the lion fight, in stark contrast to the polished courtly setting described earlier. The lions ramped and roared with horrid laughing jaws , a grotesque personification that lends a nightmarish vitality to the animals. The phrase gave blows like beams elevates their combat to a mythic scale, while a wind went with their paws likens their force to a natural element, emphasising their untamed power. As the lions rolled on one another with wallowing might and stifled roar , the imagery becomes increasingly suffocating, culminating in the line all the pit with sand and mane was in a thunderous smother. Here, the arena transforms into a violent blur. The line the bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air marks a symbolic rupture the violence spills beyond the boundaries of the pit, threatening even the detached observers. This intensity is suddenly undercut by the king s cool, ironic remark: Faith, gentlemen, we're better here than there. King Francis s tone reveals the privilege of Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 19 distance he can enjoy the thrill of danger without risk, asserting both his physical safety and social superiority. The court watches from safety while the arena becomes a site of existential struggle, reinforcing a key theme of the poem: spectacle entertains, but only for those not caught in its grip. Stanza 3 De Lorge's love o'erheard the King, a beauteous lively dame With smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which always seemed the same; She thought, the Count my lover is brave as brave can be; He surely would do wondrous things to show his love of me; King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine; I'll drop my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine. Glossary A beauteous lively dame: a woman of exceptional beauty and liveliness Wondrous: wonderful, spectacular Occasion is divine: godsend, right occasion, providential Exp This stanza presents a turning point where private desire is transformed into public performance, driven not by affection but by ego and the spectacle of court life. The focal character De Lorge's love is immediately described as a beauteous lively dame / With smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which always seemed the same. The contrast in this line is crucial: the soft, charming exterior ( smiling lips ) is juxtaposed with keen observation and intent ( sharp bright eyes ), suggesting a woman who is both socially graceful and strategically perceptive. The phrase which always seemed the same implies emotional consistency as a performance her expressions are fixed, suggesting calculated poise rather than sincerity. She reflects inwardly: The Count my lover is brave as brave can be; / He surely would do wondrous things to show his love of me. This is not a spontaneous thought of affection it's a mental setup for a public test. The repetition of brave as brave can be adds a mock-epic flourish, but also a hint of overconfidence. She assumes his love will compel him to act, but her focus is on his performance, not his well-being. The stakes are elevated by the surrounding spectacle: King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine. The alliteration of ladies, lovers, look underscores the collective gaze, heightening the performative tension. The word divine adds ironic grandeur she sees the moment not as sacred, but as a stage for her social ascendancy. Her plan crystallizes in the climactic line: I'll drop my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine. The rhymed internal pairing (glove/love, prove/mine) mimics the symmetry of manipulation love is reduced to proof, and proof becomes a route to glory. The glove, traditionally a token of courtly favor or challenge, is weaponised here into a public trap, testing not love s depth but a man s willingness to risk life for show. Stanza 4 She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at him and smiled; He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild: The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regained his place, Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady's face. "By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from where he sat: "No love," quoth he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that." Glossary Regained: sat back in his seat Quoth: archaic word for said Vanity: pride, arrogance, a feeling of importance Exp This stanza brings the poem s central tension between true emotion and social performance to its dramatic resolution, exposing the emptiness of courtly spectacle and the dangers of vanity disguised as love. At the heart of the collapse is the woman s calculated act: She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at him and smiled This line lays bare her manipulative intent. The rhyme of glove and love underscores the transactional logic she follows, and her smile reveals her satisfaction in orchestrating a public test. Love is reduced to performance under pressure, intended not to deepen affection but to win great glory for herself (Stanza 3). The Count s response is immediate but emotionally distant: He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild His bow suggests formality, not passion, and the repetition in The leap was quick, return was quick emphasises duty over drama. His efficiency deflates the romantic tension; it is not an act of passionate desperation, but of controlled resolve. The real rupture comes with his rejection: Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady s face. Here, the internal rhyme is disrupted ( not with love ), marking a shift from romantic stylisation to emotional truth. The glove a traditional token of favour becomes a symbol of contempt, reversing the dame s intention and shaming the courtly values that enabled it. King Francis s exclamation seals the thematic arc: No love, quoth he, but vanity, sets love a task like that. This line is the poem s moral punchline. It unmasks the entire courtly ritual lions, spectators, glove, and gaze as a structure that prioritises ego over affection, where vanity demands sacrifice for the sake of spectacle. 20 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 CHAPTER-3 WHEN GREAT TREES FALL Maya Angelou Learning Objectives A ppreciate the aesthetic and thematic richness of a skillfully constructed poem. l Analyse the symbolic parallel between deforestation and the loss of cultural icons. l About the Poet Maya Angelou (1928 2014), an American poet, memoirist and civil rights activist, was also a prominent and influential figure in literature and social justice. Her childhood was marked by When Great instability and trauma. Due to her Trees Fall childhood experiences, Angelou became mute for several years, finding solace in literature and poetry. Being a prolific writer, she touched various genres. Her autobiographical Scan Me! works, including I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , were critically acclaimed. Her poetry collections, such as And Still I Rise" (1978), are celebrated for their powerful and empowering themes. She taught at various universities. Maya Angelou received numerous awards and honours for her contributions to literature and civil rights. In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. Summary of the Poem This reflective poem deals with the demise of inspirational figures through the extended metaphor of falling trees. The poem vividly describes the impact of the fall of great trees, symbolising influential and admirable figures. The imagery of rocks shuddering and animals seeking safety conveys the seismic effect of significant losses. The poem explores the profound silence that follows the fall of great trees, both in nature and in human experience. It delves into the silent, eroded senses of those left behind. The poem extends its reflection to the death of great souls, emphasising the transformative effect on the world. It portrays the collective mourning and the temporary emptiness that follows. Despite the sorrow, the poem hints at the eventual renewal and peace that follows the loss of great souls. It suggests that the memory of these individuals contributes to a positive and soothing vibration that gradually fills the spaces they once occupied. Critical Appreciation When Great Trees Fall by Maya Angelou is a powerful and evocative poem that addresses themes of loss, grief, E xamine the psychological stages of public mourning for significant figures. l Evaluate how poetic techniques create rhythmic flow and emotional resonance. l and resilience. Using the metaphor of fallen trees, Angelou explores the profound impact that the death or passing of significant figures whether individuals or institutions can have on a community or society. The poem underscores both the emotional devastation of loss and the enduring spirit of survival and renewal that follows. The poem does not adhere to a strict, regular structure, with varied line lengths and stanzas that reflect the thematic complexity and emotional intensity of the subject matter. This free verse style mirrors the unpredictability of grief and loss, as well as the sense of chaos that follows the death of someone influential. The lack of rigid structure allows the emotions to flow freely, capturing the overwhelming nature of sorrow and the messy process of healing. The poem carries a message of resilience in the face of grief. While it acknowledges the overwhelming sadness that comes with the death of a great person, it ultimately suggests that life goes on. The death of one individual, no matter how significant, does not mark the end of everything. The roots of the fallen trees continue to sustain life, and new growth will emerge. This suggests that while loss is inevitable, the human spirit can endure and continue to grow even after a devastating event. Literary Devices 1. Metaphor: A non-literal comparison between two unlike things. In the poem, the falling of trees is compared to the death of great, influential personalities. Peace Blooms is another example. 2. Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds in closely following words. For example, fall-forest; silence-senses; breathe-briefly; cold-caves; suddenly-sharpened; sterilesilence. 3. Personification: The attribution of human characteristics to something non-human. For example, Our souls shrink, wizened; our memory examines. 4. Anaphora: Repetition of expression in lines that follow. For example- (Here) When great trees fall is repeated to enhance the effect of loss. 5. Enjambment: The sense of a line overflowing to the next. This is to give the impression that the line is cut off before its natural stopping point to lend a sense of speed or quickness. 6. Repetition: They existed. They existed; We can be. Be and be. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 21 Explanation of the Poem Stanza 1 When great trees fall, rocks on distant hills shudder, lions hunker down in tall grasses, and even elephants lumber after safety. Glossary Shudder: tremble or shiver in fear Hunker: crouch or cower Lumber: move awkwardly, slowly When great trees fall, the impact sends shockwaves that make even the distant hills shake in resonance. There is a primal unease and fear among animals. Lions retreat into the tall grasses. Even the huge elephants with heavy steps withdraw into shades. They react viscerally to the fall of trees as the foundation of their world shakes. Exp Stanza 2 When great trees fall in forests, small things recoil into silence, their senses erode beyond fear. Glossary Recoil: flinch back in horror Erode: wear away, lose power When the trees fall in forests, the tiny creatures withdraw into themselves with some grave emotion beyond fear. Their senses go numb, and they are stunned to mournful silence. This shows even the minutest of the natural world is shocked by mournful silence. This emphasises the totality of the loss. Exp Stanza 3 When great souls die, the air around us becomes light, rare, sterile. We breathe, briefly. Our eyes, briefly, see with a hurtful clarity. Our memory, suddenly sharpened, examines, gnaws on kind words unsaid, promised walks never taken. Glossary Rare: rarefied, with little oxygen Sterile: not fertile, not fecund, missing essential nutrients Hurtful clarity: a clear sense of hurt, acute pain Gnaws: feeds on, plague, torment, torture, nags Exp The effect on the people is much more elaborately described. Emotions take a back seat as it takes time to get to terms with reality. Breathing becomes laboured because air seems no longer rich and vibrant. Air is rare and sterile, and we feel drained of spirit. Vision becomes clarified, even though our eyes are filled with tears. This means grief can sharpen recollection bringing in acute nostalgia. Sharpened memory takes us to all those words that remained unsaid and all those promises that remained unkept. Our minds get fixated on missed opportunities. Stanza 4 Great souls die and our reality, bound to them, takes leave of us. Our souls, dependent upon their nurture, now shrink, wizened. Our minds, formed and informed by their radiance, fall away. We are not so much maddened as reduced to the unutterable ignorance of dark, cold caves. Glossary Nurture: care and protect, lend sustenance Wizened: dried up Radiance: brilliance Exp The loss of inspiring figures renders us unmoored, cast adrift. There is a sense of withering within, and we become undernourished and drained out. Their radiant influence deserts us, and we lose our light. We become creatures condemned to the dark caves and seem disoriented. We are ignorant of what struck us. Stanza 5 And when great souls die, after a period peace blooms, slowly and always irregularly. Spaces fill with a kind of soothing electric vibration. Our senses, restored, never to be the same, whisper to us. They existed. They existed. We can be. Be and be better. For they existed. 22 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 Glossary Electric vibrations: (here) positive vibes or stimulations Restored: brought back, re-established, return to former condition We can be: we exist, function, we are what we are Exp The poem now moves from despair to bloom. Time brings peace and reconciliation with the loss. Peace blooms slowly but surely. The sense of void begins to fill with the spirit of upliftment and understanding. The primordial energy starts resonating. Our lives move on but we are forever changed. We are more receptive because of the shaking experience; the great souls whisper to us and push us forward. The fact that they existed, and still exists, makes our life fuller and more meaningful. We are better off having had them in our lives. CHAPTER-4 THE POWER OF MUSIC Sukumar Ray Learning Objectives E njoy the playful absurdity and rhythmic charm of nonsense verse. l Analyse the poetic techniques that create the poem s entertaining quality. l About the Poet Sukumar Ray (1887 1923), a poet, writer, playwright, and illustrator, is known primarily for his contributions to Bengali literature and children's literature. The father of the famous Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, he belonged to a prominent Bengali family. He enriched the world of literature during the early twentieth century and is regarded as one of the pioneers of humorous and satirical writings in Bengali literature. The Power of Sukumar Ray had a strong educational Music background. He studied at Presidency College in Calcutta and later pursued his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in England. Sukumar Ray s literary contributions were diverse, ranging from humorous Scan Me! and satirical writings to plays, poems and essays. His most famous work is the collection of nonsense rhymes titled Abol Tabol , which is considered a classic in Bengali literature for children. The book is known for its playful language, wordplay and interesting illustrations. His most famous play is "Chalachittachanchari (The Intelligent Surrogate), which is a delightful comedy. Summary of the Poem The Power of Music is a humorous poem by Sukumar Ray that tells the story of Bhisma Lochan Sharma, a man who believes he is a great singer. He enjoys singing loudly in public, thinking that others admire his voice as much as he does. However, his singing is actually loud, off-key, and unpleasant. Instead of entertaining people, it creates chaos. Animals panic, bullock carts overturn, horses fall to the ground, fish dive deep into water to escape the E valuate the social implications of imposing noise on others. Explore how hyperbole and wit convey the poet s message. l l noise, and trees tremble. People around him become ill and beg him to stop, but he continues, unaware of the disaster he is causing. The poem uses exaggeration, wit, and nonsense to create a funny and absurd picture of how one person s self-confidence, when misplaced, can disturb the world around him. Through this, Sukumar Ray cleverly mocks arrogance and the lack of selfawareness in a lighthearted and entertaining way. Critical Appreciation The Power of Music by Sukumar Ray is a charming and imaginative poem that highlights the captivating and transformative nature of music. Ray uses the poem to illustrate the deep impact music can have on both its audience and the surrounding world. Through playful language, vivid imagery, and a rhythmic flow, he celebrates music s unique power in a manner that is both light-hearted and meaningful. The poem is composed in a simple and accessible style, with a steady rhythm that echoes the flow of music itself. Ray s use of rhyme and metre enhances the poem s musical quality. This structure supports the whimsical tone, reinforcing the idea that music, by its very nature, is a vibrant and magical force capable of inspiring joy and change. The central theme of the poem is the transformative nature of music. Sukumar Ray illustrates how music has the ability to change not just the mood of a person, but also the environment around them. Music is portrayed as a magical, almost supernatural force that can bring about positive change, lift spirits, and even alter the natural world. The poem suggests that music has the power to transcend the ordinary and infuse life with a sense of wonder and joy. Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 23 Literary Devices 1. Alliteration-Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely situated words. For example, grants the world the golden gift of silence , welkin weeps , booming out his broadside , turn turtle , feathered fly . 2. Repetition- Bellow answering bellow 3. Personification-human qualities attributed to non-human things. For example, welkin weeps whine and stare . 4. Hyperbole-describe in an exaggerated manner. For example, bullock carts overturned, horses line on roadside, people about to die, trees collapse and the sound heard a mile away, welkin weeps, birds turning turtle. 5. Onomatopoeia-the sound echoing the meaning. For example, screech, crash, booming, hums. Explanation of the Poem Stanza 1 When summer comes, we hear the hums Bhisma Lochan Sharma. You catch his strain on hill and plain from Delhi down to Burma He sings as though he's staked his life, he sings as though he's hell-bent; Glossary Hums: sings, Staked his life: invested everything in life, Hell-bent: fiercely determined. When summer comes, the loud singing of Bhisma Lochan Sharma can be heard echoing through hills and valleys ranging from Delhi to Burma. He sings as though he has given everything in his life to his singing. He is fiercely determined to make his music heard. Exp Stanza 2 The people, dazed, retire amazed although they know it's well-meant. They're trampled in the panic rout or languish pale and sickly, And plead,' My friend, we're near our end, oh stop your singing quickly!' Glossary Dazed: disoriented, dizzy Retire: withdraw Trampled: trodden under Panic rout: chaos caused by anxiety Languish: suffer Plead: pray, humbly request Exp People are thrown into panic by the sheer volume of his singing. Though they know he means no harm, they withdraw in confusion and distress. Overwhelmed by anxiety and physical discomfort, they suffer greatly. In desperation, they beg the singer to stop, feeling as if they are being crushed under the force of his voice. Stanza 3 The bullock-carts are overturned, and horses line the roadside; But Bhisma Lochan, unconcerned, goes booming out his broadside. Glossary Overturned: upside down, Unconcerned: unaware, not bothered. Booming out his broadside: belting out his song mighty loudly and harshly Exp The bullocks halt in their tracks, causing their carts to topple, while horses freeze by the roadside, too frightened to move forward. Yet, the singer continues, completely unaware of the chaos he is causing. Stanza 4 The wretched brutes resent the blare the hour they hear it sounded, They whine and stare with feet in air or wonder quite confounded. The fishes dived below the lake in frantic search for silence, Glossary Wretched brutes: miserable animals, Resent: hate, Whine-cry, Confounded: confused to the core, Frantic: desperate. Exp The distressed animals loathe the sound as soon as it begins. They cry out in confusion, utterly bewildered by the noise. Fish dive deep into the water, desperately seeking silence. Stanza 5 The very trees collapse and shake - you hear the crash a mile hence And in the sky the feathered fly turn turtle while they're winging, Glossary Collapse: fall, Feathered fly: birds, Turn turtle: turn upside down, somersault 24 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 Exp The trees are badly affected by the song. They shiver and fall as though in fear. They crash to the ground with such a force that the vibrations are heard miles away. Stanza 6 Again we cry, 'We're going to die, oh won't you stop your singing? ' But Bhisma's soared beyond our reach, howe'er we plead and grumble; The welkin weeps to hear his screech, and mighty mansions tumble. Stanza 7 But now there comes a billy goat, a most sagacious fellow, He downs his horns and charges straight, with bellow answ'ring bellow. The strains of song are tossed and whirled by blast of brutal violence, And Bhisma Lochan grants the world the golden gift of silence Glossary Billy goat: male goat, sagacious-wise, discerning, shrewd, Bellow answering bellow: answering in the same kind, screech to screech, Tossed and whirled: thrown about, Blast of brutal violence: scattered around with merciless force. Glossary Soared: moved ahead, Plea: pray, Grumble: complain, Welkin: sky, Mansions: big buildings. Exp Again, the people desperately plead him to stop. They grumble that they are going to die but Bhisma pushes along outside the range of their pleadings. The sky cries in anguish, and giant buildings fall unable to withstand the vibrations. Exp Then, relief arrives with the entrance of a male goat. Wisely, he senses the situation and chooses to take a bold stance. Lowering his head in a challenging posture, he bleats loudly. The high-pitched sound disrupts the singer s music, overpowering it. Realising the impact of his uncontrolled noise, the singer admits defeat. In a moment of understanding, he grants the precious gift of silence to those around him. CHAPTER-5 A CONSIDERABLE SPECK Robert Frost Learning Objectives A ppreciate the depth and artistry of seemingly simple poetry. Analyse the deliberate contrasts between the poem s title and its thematic content. l Recognise evidence of sentience in even the smallest life forms. l l About the Poet Robert Frost (1874 1963) is one of the most well-known poets in American literature. He is celebrated for his vivid and realistic depictions of rural life. He is considered a master of colloquial expressions. He has been conferred with four Pulitzer Prizes for poetry, in 1924 for 'New Hampshire , in 1931 for Collected Poems , in 1937 for A Further Range , and in 1943 for A Witness Tree . Frost s poetic genius often explores rural life, nature and the complexities of human relationships. His writing is characterised by its use of day-to-day language and its deep insights into the human condition. The Road Not Taken , Frost's most well-known poem, reflects on the choices we make in life and their impact. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is a beautifully crafted Admire the adaptive brilliance and resilience of microscopic organisms. l Evaluate how poetic techniques enhance the poem s meaning and impact. l poem that contemplates the tug of war between the wayside beauties of nature and the responsibilities of life. Robert Frost's poetry, reflecting a keen insight into human nature, a deep appreciation of rural landscapes and a profound depiction of the complexities of life, continues to be celebrated for its universal appeal. A Considerable Speck Scan Me! Summary of the Poem The poet seems to be writing something when observes a tiny mite crawling across a sheet of paper. At first, the speck seems insignificant, but the poet soon realises that it exhibits purposeful movement, suggesting intelligence Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 25 and creativity. The mite interacts with the wet ink on the paper, tasting or smelling it, before turning away in disgust. Eventually, it rests in the centre of the page, seemingly submitting to its fate. The poet reflects on his own attitude towards the mite, expressing a sense of admiration for its survival instinct and its desire to live, even as a small creature. He contrasts himself with those who are overly concerned and destroy creativity or kill harmless creatures. By observing the mite s actions, the poet is reminded of the value of life, no matter how small, and the philosophical importance of survival and creativity. Critical Appreciation The poem is relatively short, composed of two stanzas, each consisting of six lines. It follows a consistent rhyme scheme, with the first stanza rhyming AABCCB, and the second stanza maintaining the same structure. The regularity of the rhyme scheme contributes to a sense of control, echoing the theme of human attempts to impose order on nature. However, the natural and conversational tone of the poem contrasts with the formal structure, highlighting the inherent tension between human effort and the unpredictability of life. Literary Devices 1. Anthropomorphism: Attributing the activities of human beings to non-human beings or objects. The mite is said to be having imagination and creativity like that of a human. 2. Irony: Towards the end of the poem, the poet employs irony, sarcastically stating that he lacks the love of modern society, which seeks to dominate or destroy the vulnerable in an attempt to control everything. 3. Hyperbole: exaggeration. The mite seeming to have no space for feet. Its minuscule size is emphasised. 4. Metaphor: The mite is a metaphor for intelligence and creativity on any sheet of paper . 5. Oxymoron: Words of opposite meanings pitted against each other. For example, A Considerable Speck-a huge speck or dot. Explanation of the Poem Stanzas 1 and 2 A speck that would have been beneath my sight On any but a paper sheet so white Set off across what I had written there. And I had idly poised my pen in air To stop it with a period of ink When something strange about it made me think, This was no dust speck by my breathing blown, But unmistakably a living mite With inclinations it could call its own. Glossary Speck: a tiny dot, Poised: ready to take action at any moment, Period: full stop mark, Inclinations: instincts, natural tendencies. Exp The poet was working on a manuscript when he saw a tiny speck on the paper. He would not have noticed it but for the contrast it made on the white paper. He thought it was a speck of dust blown by his breathing. He thought of obliterating it with a full stop mark and poised his pen over it but soon realised that it was moving with a purpose across the sheet. It showed an inclination that proved it as a living being. Stanzas 3 and 4 It paused as with suspicion of my pen, And then came racing wildly on again To where my manuscript was not yet dry; Then paused again and either drank or smelt- With loathing, for again it turned to fly. Plainly with an intelligence I dealt. Glossary Suspicion: a feeling of distrust, Manuscript: handwritten or typed text, Loathing: resentment. Exp The mite eyed the poet's pen with suspicion, poised to attack it. Then, it scurried towards the wet words, sniffed or tasted the ink, and recoiled in disgust, as though ready to fly away. It behaved as if it possessed human-like intelligence. Stanzas 5 and 6 It seemed too tiny to have room for feet, Yet must have had a set of them complete To express how much it didn't want to die. It ran with terror and with cunning crept. It faltered: I could see it hesitate; Then in the middle of the open sheet Cower down in desperation to accept Whatever I accorded it of fate. Glossary Cunning: cleverness, skill, Faltered: lost momentum, Cower down: bend down or move back with head down, Desperation: hopelessness. Exp The insect appeared so tiny that it seemed as if it had no feet. However, it had enough to show that it did not want to die. It ran with fear but also had enough ingenuity to creep about showing its survival instincts. It lost its momentum, hesitated for a while and then came to a standstill, cowering in the middle of the sheet, as if submitting to the will of the poet. 26 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 Stanzas 7 and 8 I have none of the tenderer-than-thou Collectivistic regimenting love With which the modern world is being swept. But this poor microscopic item now! Since it was nothing I knew evil of I let it lie there till I hope it slept. I have a mind myself and recognise Mind when I meet with it in any guise No one can know how glad I am to find On any sheet the least display of mind. Glossary Tenderer than thou: extreme concern and protective mentality, Collectivistic regimenting: group orientation, Microscopic: extremely tiny, Guise: form, Least display: smallest evidence. Exp The poet makes it clear that he allowed the mite to sleep, believing it posed no harm to him. He also feels sympathy as well as admiration for its valiant efforts. However, he does not go overboard with emotions like some people in modern society who nurse extremely tender feelings for creatures. He is against the overpowering desire to streamline the actions and thoughts of others. This regimenting will kill innovation and creativity. He is immensely happy to recognise intellect like that of a human anywhere, anytime. Even the least intelligence shown by any creature is worthy of admiration and should be respected.

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