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CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Contents Periodic table .......................................................................................................................................... 2 How to remember the first three periods .......................................................................................... 2 Oxidation vs. reduction: ............................................................................................................... 3 ACIDS BASES AND SALTS ......................................................................................................................... 3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ......................................................................................................................... 7 ELECTROLYSIS .......................................................................................................................................... 8 METALLURGY ........................................................................................................................................ 10 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: HCl ................................................................................................................ 11 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: AMMONIA.................................................................................................... 12 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: NITRIC ACID.................................................................................................. 14 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: SULPHURIC ACID .......................................................................................... 14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................................... 16 ALKANES ............................................................................................................................................ 16 ALKENES ............................................................................................................................................ 17 ALKYNES ............................................................................................................................................ 17 ALCOHOLS ......................................................................................................................................... 18 ACETIC ACID ...................................................................................................................................... 18 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS............................................................................................................................ 18 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Periodic table How to remember the first three periods Hi He Lied Because Boron Could Not Oxidize Fluorine. New Nations Might Also Sign Peace Security Clause. Arthur King Can Hi He Lied Because Boron Could Not Oxidize Fluorine New Nations Might Also Sign Peace Security Clause Arthur King Can Hydrogen Helium Lithium Berilium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminium Silicon Phosphorous Sulphur Chlorine (Cl) Argon Potassium (K) Caclium Atomic No 1 Atomic No 2 Atomic No 3 Atomic No 4 Atomic No 5 Atomic No 6 Atomic No 7 Atomic No 8 Atomic No 9 Atomic No 10 Atomic No 11 Atomic No 12 Atomic No 13 Atomic No 14 Atomic No 15 Atomic No 16 Atomic No 17 Atomic No 18 Atomic No 19 Atomic No 20 Group 1 (alkali metals) Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium LIttle NAsty Kids RuB CatS FuR 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Group 17 (halogens) F Cl Br I At Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine Fish Can't Breathe In Air. We can easily get confused with Cations and anions Remember this Cats has Paws Cations positive Don t need to remember Anion as -ve Oxidation vs. reduction: What happens at the Anode and what happens at the cathode? Remember AN OIL RIG CAT At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons. Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode ACIDS BASES AND SALTS ACID HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- BASE CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O ALKALI NaOH[aq] Na+ + OH- STRONG ACID HNO3 + H2O H2SO4 + 2H2O H3O+ + NO32H3O+ + SO42- WEAK ACID CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ STRONG ALKALI NaOH[aq] KOH[aq] Na+ + OHK+ + OH- WEAK ALKALI 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 NH4OH[aq] NH4+ + OH- MONOBASIC ACID HCl + H2O NaOH + HCl H3O+ + ClNaCl + H2O DIBASIC ACID H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO42 NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O TRIBASIC ACID H3PO4 + 3H2O 3H3O+ + PO43NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O 2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O 3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O MONOACIDIC BASE NaOH[aq] Na+ + OH- DIACIDIC BASE Ca(OH)2[aq] Cu(OH)2[aq] Ca2+ + 2OHCu2+ + 2OH- ACIDS FROM NONMETALS H2 + Cl2 2HCl H2 + I2 2HI ACIDS FROM ACIDIC OXIDES CO2 + H2O H2CO3 SO2 + H2O H2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 ACIDS FROM SALTS KNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] NaCl + H2SO4[conc.] KHSO4 + HNO3 NaHSO4 + HCl ACIDS BY OXIDATION OF NONMETALS S + 6HNO3 H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2 BASES FROM METALS 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 4Na + O2 2Na2O 2Mg + O2 2MgO BASES FROM BASIC OXIDES K2O + H2O 2KOH Na2O + H2O 2NaOH BASES FROM ACTIVE METALS AND WATER 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 BASES FROM SALTS AlCl3 + 3NaOH 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 FeSO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 BASES BY DECOMPOSITION OF SALTS 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO +4NO2 + O2 REACTION OF CHLORIDES NITRATES BICARBONATES AND CARBONATES WITH ACIDS NaCl + H2SO4[conc.] NaHSO4 + HCl NaNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] NaHSO4 + HNO3 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4[dil] NA2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl[dil] 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 FORMATION OF ACID RAIN S + O2 SO2 H2O + SO2 H2SO3[aq] 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 H2O + SO3 H2SO4[aq] N2 + O2 2NO [at high temp.] 2NO + O2 2NO2 H2O + 2NO2 HNO2 + HNO3 PREPARATION OF ACIDS NEUTRALIZATION CuO + H2SO4[dil] CuSO4 + H2O PbO + 2HNO3[dil] Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4[dil] CuSO4 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2HNO3[dil] Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O PbCO3 + 2HNO3[dil] Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 ZnCO3 + 2HNO3[dil] Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 CuCO3 + H2SO4[dil] CuSO4 + H2O + CO2 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 NEUTRALIZATON (TITRATION INVOLVED) NaOH + HCl[dil] NaCl + H2O NaOH + HNO3[dil] NaNO3 + H2O NH4OH + HCl[dil] NH4Cl + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4[dil] Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 (NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl[dil] 2NH4Cl + H2O + CO2 (NH4)2CO3 + H2SO4[dil] (NH4)2SO4 + H2O + CO2 SIMPLE DISPLACEMENT Fe + H2SO4[dil] FeSO4 + H2 Fe + 2HCl[dil] FeCl2 + H2 Zn + H2SO4[dil] ZnSO4 + H2 Mg + 2HCl[dil] MgCl2 + H2 DIRECT COMBINATION (SYNTHESIS) 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 Fe + S FeS Zn + S ZnS Pb + S PbS DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION (PRECIPITATION) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CaCO3 ZnSO4 + (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 + ZnCO3 Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 2NaNO3 + ZnCO3 Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 2NaNO3 + PbSO4 PREPARATION OF PbCl2 FROM PbO PbO + 2HNO3[dil] Pb(NO3)2 + H2O Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 PREPARATION OF PbSO4 FROM PbCO3 PbCO3 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 2NaNO3 + PbSO4 PREPARATION OF PbCl2 FROM PbCO3 PbCO3 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2 HYDROLYSIS OF SALTS NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + H2CO3 Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3 NaCl + H2O NaOH + HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY REACTIONS OF NaOH SOLUTION ON SALTS Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Ca(OH)2 (white ppt-slightly soluble) MgCl2 + 2NaOH 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2 (dull white ppt-insoluble) FeSO4 + 2NaOH 2Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 (dirty green ppt-insoluble) FeCl3 + 3NaOH 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3 (reddish brown ppt-insoluble) CuSO4 + 2NaOH 2NaCl + Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt-insoluble) ZnSO4 + 2NaOH 2Na2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 (gelatinous white ppt-insoluble) Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH[excess] 2H2O + Na2ZnO2(colourless sol-soluble) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Pb(OH)2 (chalky white ppt-insoluble) Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH[excess] 2H2O + Na2PbO2(colourless sol-soluble) REACTIONS OF NH4OH SOLUTION ON SALTS MgCl2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2 (dull white ppt-insoluble) FeSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 (dirty green ppt-insoluble) FeCl3 + 2NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3 (reddish brown ppt-insoluble) CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt-insoluble) Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Cu(NH3)4]SO4(deep blue or inky blue sol-soluble) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2(deep blue or inky blue sol-soluble) ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 (gelatinous white ppt-insoluble) Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Zn(NH3)4]SO4(colourless sol-soluble) Zn(OH)2 + 4NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2(colourless sol-soluble) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4NO3 + Pb(OH)2 (chalky white-insoluble) ACTION OF ALKALIS ON CERTAIN METALS Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 Zn + 2KOH K2ZnO2 + H2 Pb + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + H2 Pb + KOH K2PbO2 + H2 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O 2KAlO2 + 3H2 ACTION OF ALKALIS ON OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES OF CERTAIN METALS ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O PbO + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O Al2O3 + 2KOH 2KAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + KOH KAlO2 + 2H2O ELECTROLYSIS STRONG ELECTROLYTES HCl[aq] HNO3[aq] H2SO4[aq] KOH[aq] NaOH[aq] LiOH[aq] PbBr2[molten] CuCl2[aq] AgNO3[aq] H1+ + Cl1H1+ + NO312H1+ + SO42K1+ + OH1Na1+ + OH1Li1+ + OH1Pb2+ + 2Br1Cu2+ + 2Cl1Ag1+ + NO31- WEAK ELECTROLYTES CH3COOH[aq] CH3COO1- + H1+ HCOOH[aq] HCOO1- + H1+ H2CO3[aq] 2H1+ + CO32Ca(OH)2[aq] Ca2+ + 2OH1Mg(OH)2[aq] Mg2+ + 2OH1NH4OH[aq] NH41+ + OH1Na2CO3[aq] 2Na1+ + CO32KHCO3 [aq] K1+ + HCO31(CH3COO)2Pb[aq] 2CH3COO1- + Pb2+ ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN PbBr2 Electrolytic cell : Silica crucible Electrolyte : Molten PbBr2 Electrodes : Graphite(inert) Temperature : >380 C Current : 3 amps Dissociation : PbBr2 Pb2+ +2Br12+ Reaction at cathode : Pb +2e- Pb (silvery grey deposit) Reaction at anode : Br1- - 1e- Br Br + Br Br2 (reddish brown fumes) ELECTROLYSIS OF ACIDIFIED WATER Electrolyte : Acidified water with dil H2SO4 Electrodes : Platinum foil(inert) Temperature : Ordinary temp 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Current : 3 amps Dissociation : H2SO4 2H1+ + SO421+ H2O H + OH1 Reaction at cathode : H1+ +1e- H x 4 2H + 2H 2H2 (hydrogen gas evolved) Reaction at anode : OH1- -1e- OH x 4 4OH 2H2O + O2 (oxygen gas evolved) ELECTROLYSIS OF Aq.CuSO4 (USING ACTIVE ELECTRODES) Electrolyte : aq. CuSO4 Electrodes : Copper(active) Temperature : Ordinary temp Current : 3 amps Dissociation : CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H1+ + OH1 Reaction at cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (brownish pink deposit) Reaction at anode : Cu - 2e- Cu2+ (no product-Cu2+ ions formed) ELECTROLYSIS OF Aq.CuSO4 (USING INERT ELECTRODES) Electrolyte : aq. CuSO4 Electrodes : Platinum or carbon(inert) Temperature : Ordinary temp Current : 3 amps Dissociation : CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H1+ + OH1 Reaction at cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (brownish pink deposit) Reaction at anode : OH1- - 1e- OH x 2 4OH 2H2O + O2 (oxygen gas evolved) Note: With active electrode anode diminishes in mass because it loses electrons. Blue colour of CuSO4 remains unchanged with copper electrode but fades with inert electrode because if copper anode is used, for every copper ion discharged at cathode a copper ion is added to the sol. by the anode. Total no. of copper ions remains same. This is not the case with inert electrodes. ELECTROPLATING WITH NICKEL Electrolyte : aq. NiSO4 Cathode : Article to be electroplated Anode : Block of nickel metal Dissociation : NiSO4 Ni2+ +SO42H2O H1+ +OH1 Reaction at cathode : Ni2+ +2e- Ni (deposited) Reaction at anode : Ni 2e- Ni2+ (no product-Ni2+ ions formed) ELECTROPLATING WITH SILVER 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 Electrolyte : aq. Na[Ag(CN)2] (sodium silver cyanide) Cathode : Cleaned article to be electroplated Anode : Block of silver metal Dissociation : Na[Ag(CN)2] Na1+ + Ag1+ + 2CN1H2O H1+ +OH1 Reaction at cathode : Ag1+ +1e- Ag (deposited) Reaction at anode : Ag 1e- Ag1+ (no product-Ag1+ ions formed) ELECTROREFINING OF COPPER Electrolyte : Aq. CuSO4 Cathode : Pure thin sheet of copper Anode : Impure block of copper Dissociation : CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H1+ +OH1 Reaction at cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (deposited) Reaction ay anode : Cu - 2e- Cu2+ (no product-Cu2+ ions formed) METALLURGY CONCENTRATED ORE TO OXIDE ROASTING 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 4FeS + 7O2 2Fe2O3 + 4SO2 CALCINATION ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 FeCO3 FeO + CO2 REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDES BY ELECTROLYSIS Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2 At cathode : 2Al3+ + 6e- 2Al At anode : 3O2- - 6e- 3[O] 3O2 BY REDUCING AGENTS ZnO + C 2PbO + C Zn + CO 2Pb + CO2 Fe2O3 + 3CO FeO + CO 2Fe + 3CO2 Fe + CO2 BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 2HgO 2Hg + O2 2Ag2O 4Ag + O2 METALLURGY OF ZINC Roasting : 2ZnS + 3O2 Calcination : ZnCO3 Reduction : ZnO + C 2ZnO + 2SO2 2ZnO + CO2 Zn + CO METALLURGY OF IRON Lower region : C + O2 CO2 + Middle region : CO2 + C 2CO CaCO3 CaO + CO2 CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 [slag] Upper region : Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 METALLURGY OF ALUMINIUM CONCENTRATION OF ORE BAEYER S PROCESS Al2O3 . 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O NaAlO2 + 2H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O[vap] ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION OF ALUMINA HALL HEROULT S PROCESS Electrolyte : Fused alumina-1part, cryolite-3 parts, fluorspar-1 part Electrolytic cell : Rectangular steel tank with carbon lining Cathode : Gas carbon Anode : Thick carbon rods (graphite) attached to copper clamps Temperature : 950 C Current : 100 amps Dissociation : Na3AlF6 3Na1+ + Al3+ + 6F12+ CaF2 Ca + 2F1Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2 At cathode : 2Al3+ + 6e- 2Al(pure metal deposited) At anode : 3O2- - 6e- 3[O] 3O2(oxygen gas evolved) Thermite welding : Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe + RUSTING: 4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O 2Fe2O3 . xH2O STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: HCl PREPARATION BY SYNTHESIS: H2 + Cl2 2HCl IN LABORATORY: NaCl + H2SO4 [conc] 2015 All rights reserved. NaHSO4 + HCl Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O 2P2O5 + 3HCl POCl3 + 3HPO3 ACIDIC PROPERTY Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2 Na2S + 2HCl NaCl + H2S FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S CuS + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2S AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3 Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O REACTIONS WITH OXIDISING AGENTS MnO2 + 4HCl PbO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 PbCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 Pb3O4 + 8HCl 3PbCl2 + 4H2O + Cl2 2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2 AQUA REGIA REACTION HNO3 + 3HCl NOCl + 2H2O + 2[Cl] Au + 3[Cl] AuCl3 Pt + 4[Cl] PtCl4 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: AMMONIA PREPARATION FROM AMMONIUM SALTS (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 NH4Cl + NaOH IN LAB: 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2015 All rights reserved. NaCl + H2O + NH3 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 2NH3 + H2SO4[conc.] (NH4)2SO4 6NH3 + P2O5 + 3H2O 2(NH4)3PO4 8NH3 + CaCl2 [fused] CaCl2 . 8NH3 FROM METAL NITRIDES 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2 Mg3N2 + 6H2O[warm] 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3 3Ca + N2 Ca3N2 Ca3N2 + 6H2O[warm] 3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3 2Al + N2 2AlN AlN + 3H2O[warm] Al(OH)3 + NH3 HABER S PROCESS Temperature : 450-500 C Pressure : 200-900 atms If catalyst finely divided Fe then promotor Mo If catalyst Fe2O3 then promotor 1% K2O and 3% Al2O3 Impurities : CO, CO2, H2S PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM SALTS NH3 + HCl NH4Cl NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HNO3 NH4NO3 + H2O 2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O COMBUSTION: 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O CATALYTIC OXIDATION: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O + 2NO + O2 2NO2 BASIC NATURE NH3 + H2O NH4OH NH4OH NH4+ + OHFeSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 (dirty green ppt-insoluble) FeCl3 + 2NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3 (reddish brown ppt-insoluble) CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt-insoluble) Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Cu(NH3)4]SO4(deep blue or inky blue sol-soluble) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2(deep blue or inky blue sol-soluble) ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 (gelatinous white ppt-insoluble) Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Zn(NH3)4]SO4(colourless sol-soluble) Zn(OH)2 + 4NH4OH[excess] 4H2O + [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2(colourless sol-soluble) 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 REDUCING NATURE 2NH3 + 3CuO Cu + 3H2O + N2 2NH3 + 3PbO 3Pb + 3H2O + N2 8NH3[excess] + 3Cl2 6NH4Cl + N2 NH3 + 3Cl2[excess] 3HCl + NCl3 STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: NITRIC ACID PREPARATION IN LAB KNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] NaNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] KHSO4 + HNO3[vap] NaHSO4 + HNO3[vap] DECOMPOSITION OF HNO3: 4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 OXIDISING NATURE 2HNO3[conc.] H2O + 2NO2 + [O] Cu + [O] CuO CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + NO2 Cu + 4HNO3[conc.] Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 C + 4HNO3[conc.] CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2 S + 6HNO3[conc.] H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2 3Cu + 8HNO3[dil.] 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO Cu + 4HNO3[conc.] Cu(NO3)2 +2H2O +2NO2 C7H8 + 3HNO3[conc.] C7H5(NO2)3 + 3H2O BROWN RING TEST 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4[conc.] + 2HNO3[dil.] 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO FeSO4 + NO FeSO4 . NO STUDY OF COMPOUNDS: SULPHURIC ACID PREPARATION CONTACT PROCESS SULPHUR OR PYRITE BURNERS S + O2 SO2 2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2 CONTACT TOWER 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 + ABSORPTION TOWER SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 DILUTION TANK H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4 ACIDIC NATURE H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO42REACTIONS OF DIL. H2SO4 Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 Na2O + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O MgO + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 +H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2H2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2 2KHCO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 2NaHSO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2 Na2S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S ZnS + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2S FeS + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S DIBASIC ACID DISSSOCIATES IN TWO STEPS H2SO4 HSO4H2SO4 H+ + HSO4H+ + SO422H+ + SO42- FORMS TWO TYPES OF SALTS NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4[acid salt] + H2O 2NaOH[excess] + H2SO4 Na2SO4[normal salt] + 2H2O NON VOLATILE ACID NaCl + H2SO4[conc.] KCl + H2SO4[conc.] NaNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] KNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] NaHSO4 + HCl KHSO4 + HCl NaHSO4 + HNO3 KHSO4 + HNO3 OXIDISING AGENT H2SO4 H2O + SO2 + [O] Cu + [O] CuO 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 C + 2H2SO4[conc.] CO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2 S + 2H2SO4[conc.] 3SO2 + 2H2O 2P + 5H2SO4[conc.] 2H3PO4 + 2H2O + 5SO2 Cu + 2H2SO4[conc.] CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 Zn + 2H2SO4[conc.] ZnSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 STRONG DEHYDRATING AGENT C6H12O6 C12H22O11 [C6H10O5]n CuSO4 . 5H2O 6C + 6H2O 12C + 11H2O 6[C]n + 5[H2O]n CuSO4 + 5H2O ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ALKANES PREPARATION IN LAB CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 C2H5COONa + NaOH C2H6 + Na2CO3 GENERAL METHOD FROM ALKYL HALIDES CH3I + 2[H] CH4 + HI C2H5Br + 2[H] 2CH3I + 2Na C2H6 + HBr C2H6 + 2NaI SUBSTITUTION REACTION CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2[excess] CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl C2H5Cl + Cl2[excess] C2H4Cl2 + HCl C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 C2H3Cl3 + HCl C2H3Cl3 + Cl2 C2H2Cl4 + HCl C2H2Cl4 + Cl2 C2HCl5 + HCl C2HCl5 + Cl2 CCl6 + HCl OXIDATION COMPLETE CH4 + 2O2[excess] CO2 + 2H2O + 2C2H6 + 7O2[excess] 4CO2 + 6H2O + 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 INCOMPLETE 2CH4 + 3O2[limited] 2CO + 4H2O + 2C2H6 + 5O2[limited] 4CO + 6H2O + 2C2H6 + 3O2[very limited] 4C + 6H2O ALKENES PREPARATION IN LAB BY DEHYDRATION OF C2H5OH C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O BY DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF C2H5Br C2H5Br + KOH[alcoholic] C2H4 + KBr + H2O GENERAL METHOD BY CRACKING C2H6 C2H4 + H2 ADDITION REACTIONS HALOGENATION C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2 + Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4 + I2 C2H4I2 OXIDATION With cold dil. KMnO4 sol-Baeyer s Reagent C2H4 + H2O + [O] C2H4(OH)2 Combustion C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O + ALKYNES PREPARATION IN LAB CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 C2H4Br2 + 2KOH[alcoholic] C2H2 + 2KBr + 2H2O GENERAL METHOD FROM METHANE 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 ADDITION REACTIONS CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION C2H2 + H2 C2H4 + H2 HALOGENATION C2H2 + Cl2 C2H2Cl2 + Cl2 C2H2 + Br2 C2H2Br2 + Br2 C2H2 + I2 C2H2I2 2015 All rights reserved. C2H6 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Br4 Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 OXIDATION With dil. Alkaline KMnO4 C2H2 + 4[O] OH-COOH Combustion 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O + AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH4OH Ag-C C-Ag + 2NH4NO3 + 2H2O ALCOHOLS PREPARATION IN LAB C2H5Cl + NaOH[aq] C2H5OH + NaCl C2H5Br + KOH[aq] C2H5OH + KBr INDUSTRIAL METHOD C2H4 + H2SO4 C2H5-HSO4 C2H5-HSO4 + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4 COMBUSTION C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O OXIDATION C2H5OH CH3CHO CH3COOH SODIUM 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 ACETIC ACID C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COO-C2H5 + H2O SULPHURIC ACID C2H5OH 2C2H5OH[excess] C2H4 + H2O C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O 3C2H5OH +PCl3 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PREPARATION C2H5OH + [O] CH3CHO + H2O CH3CHO + [O] CH3COOH ACIDIC NATURE CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O 2015 All rights reserved. Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS FOR ICSE CLASS 10 2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ca + 2H2O CH3COOH + NH4OH CH3COONH4 + H2O ALCOHOLS C2H5OH + CH3COOH 2015 All rights reserved. CH3COO-C2H5 + H2O Srikanth KS and Shambavi Ganesh Learn and Achieve
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