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ICSE Class X Notes 2027 : Computer Applications (Hiranandani Foundation School (HFS), Powai, Mumbai) : mew

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1 Java Notes Class X JAVA NOTES Revision of Class IX Syllabus Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming languages based on their features. Paradigm means organizing principle of a program. It is an approach to programming. Procedure Oriented Programming: A Procedure oriented programming approach allows the users to develop their logic by using a number of functions that would enhance the program s productivity. Example BASIC, COBOL, C Object Oriented Programming: An Object Oriented Programming is a modular approach, which allows the data to be applied with a stipulated program area. It also provides the reusability feature to develop productive logic, which means to give more emphasis on data. Basic Principles of OOP: 1. Abstraction: The act of representing essential features, without including the background details. 2. Inheritance: Capability of one class of things to inherit capabilities or properties from another class. 3. Encapsulation: Wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit. 4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form. Java compilation process: 1. Java programs are written in .java file. (source code) and then compiled by Java compiler. 2. Byte code: Java compiler converts the source code into an intermediate binary form called the byte code. 1 2 Java Notes Class X 3. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): It a java interpreter that converts byte code into machine to various platforms. 4. Just In Time(JIT): It is part of the JVM and it compiles byte code into executable code in real time, one piece-by-piece, demand basis. Characteristics of Java: 1. Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA): The Java programs need to be written just once, which can run on different platforms without making changes in the Java program. 2. Light Weight Code: With Java, no huge coding is required. 3. Security: Java offers many enhanced security features. 4. Object Oriented Language: Java is Object Oriented language, thereby, very near to real world. 5. Platform Independent: Java is essentially platform independent. Change of platform does not affect the original Java program. Types of Java program: 1. Internet Applets: The programs executed inside the Java based web browser. 2. Java Applications: The programs developed by the users. Java libraries: A package is a collection of various classes. Each class contains different functions. A package can be inclued in the program by using a keyword 'import'. ex) import java.io.*; import java.util.*; 2 3 Java Notes Class X The (*) sign denotes that all the classes of the concerning package will be made available for use in your program. Keywords or Reserved words: Java reserved words or the keywords are the words which carry special meaning to the system compiler. Such words cannot be used for naming a variable in the program. case , switch, else, break , static, do, const, throws, float , char, try, int, double, void, goto, for, while, new, import , boolean, long, if, byte , package, private, catch, short, public, class , default. Output statement: System.out.println( ); Comment line: The comment statement is a non executable statement in Java. These are the remarks given by the user. Types: single line comment Multiline comment Document comment //---------/* ---------/** --------- */ **/ ASCII A - Z 65 - 90 a-z 97 - 122 0-9 48 - 57 white space 32 Token: The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token Types: 3 4 Java Notes Class X 1. Keywords: Keywords are the reserved words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler. These are reserved for special purpose. Example) class, int, void, float 2. Literals: Literals or constants are data items that are fixed data values (do not during the execution of the program). Types: a) Integer Literals are whole numbers without any fractional part. Decimal, Octal, Hexa decimal. Ex) a= 505, b=-15 b) Real literals are numbers having fractional parts. Ex) p=16.79 , q=-1.005 c) character literal is one character enclosed in single quotes. Ex) x , 9 , * d) String literals are multiple character enclosed with double quotes. Ex) name= aravind e) Boolean literal: the Boolean type has two values, true or false. f) Null literal has one value, the null reference. A null literal is always of the null type. 3. Separators: The following nine ASCII characters are the separators(punctuators). ( ) { } [ ] ; , . 4. Identifier: Identifiers are fundamental building block of a program such as a variable, class, method etc. 4 5 Java Notes Class X It s used as the general terminology for the names given to different parts of the program. double area=15.6; Rules for forming identifiers: Identifiers can have alphabets, digits and underscore and doller sign characters. They must not be a keyword or Boolean literal or null literal They must not begin with a digit They can be of any length 5. Operators: Operators are special symbols that cause an action to take place. Arithmetic, relational, logical, conditional operators. A=b*c; Escape sequences: Nongraphic characters are those characters that cannot be typed directly from keyboard. E.g. backspace, tabs etc., An escape sequence is represented by a backslash ( \ ) followed by one or more characters. Escape sequence Nongraphic character \b Backspace \f Formfeed \n Newline or linefeed \r Carriage return \t Tab space \\ Backslash \ Single quotes \ Double quotes \? Question mark \0 null Data types: Data Types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations of handling it. Two types: 1. Primitive or fundamental or Instrinsic ( predefined) 5 6 Java Notes Class X int, long, float, double, char, short, byte , boolean 2. Reference or composite ( user defined) class, string, array PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES Primitive Size Data Type byte 1 byte int 4 bytes short 2 bytes long 8 bytes float 4 bytes double 8 bytes boolean char 1 bit 2 bytes Details Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -128 to 127. Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -32,768 to 32,767. Stores positive and negative numbers from 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. Stores Decimal numbers. It can be used for storing numbers having 6 to 7 decimal digits Stores Decimal numbers. It can be used for storing numbers having 15 decimal digits. Can Store Only true or false. It can be used for storing only a single character, letter or ASCII values. NOTE: (1byte=8bits) Variable: A variable is a named temporary memory location to store the values. eg) float b = 15.5; <data type> <var name> = <value>; char ch = G ; Initializing a variable: Initializing a variable means specifying an initial value to assign to it (i.e., before it is used at all). Notice that a variable that is not initialized does not have a defined value, hence it cannot be used until it is assigned such a value. Static initialization: Initialize the variable at the time of declaration int b=5,a=0; float c=0.0 6 7 Java Notes Class X Data type Int Long Float Double Char String Boolean Value 0 0 0.0 0.0 \u000 False Dynamic initialization : Inilialize the variable at program execution time.(at run time) int b=5, c=6; int A= b+c; Arithmetic expression: A set of variables, constants and arithmetical operators used together to yield a meaningful result is known as Arithmetical Expression. d= a*b+c/4; Types: 1. Pure Expression: An arithmetical expression that uses all its components of same data type. int a,b; int c=a+b*4; 2. Impure expression: An arithmetical expression in which one or more components are of different data types. int a; float f; double d; double s= a*f/d; Type conversion: In a mixed expression, the result can be obtained in any one form of its datatypes. Hence, it is needed to convert the various datatypes into a single type. Such conversion is termed as Type conversion. [Converting one form of data type into another form of data type] Types: 7 8 Java Notes Class X 1. Implicit type conversion ( Coercion) The data type of the result gets automatically converted into the highest data type available into the expression without any intervention of the user. Hierarchy of Data types ( DFL ISC B) double -> float-> long-> int -> short -> char -> byte int a; float b; double c; d= a+b*c; The data type of d is double. 2. Explicit conversion (Type casting) When the data type gets converted to another data type after the user's intervention. int a; float b; double c; d= (float) a+b*c; The data type of d is float. Note: Explicit conversion of literals is allowed in Java programming. float a= 14.67 F; double b= 14.67 D; int c= 59; long f= 59 L; Operators: Operators are special symbols that cause an action to take place. Types: Unary operators: 8 9 Java Notes Class X 1. Unary(+): int a=5; int b= +a; //5 2. Unary(-): int a=5; int b= -a; //-5 int a=-5; int b=-a ; //5 3. Increment operator(++): ( increased by 1) a) Post increment a++ b) Pre increment ++a 4. Decrement operator(--): (decreased by 1) a) Post decrement a-b) Pre decrement --a Binary operators: (Two operands and one operator) 1. Arithmetic operators: + , - , * , / , % a=5, b=2 a+b, a - b, a*b, a/b, a%b 2. Relational operators:( comparing the values) >, >= ,< , <= , == , != a>b, a>=b, a<b, a<=b, a==b, a!=b 3. Logical operators: AND ( && ) , OR ( ||) , NOT ( ! ) Ternary operator (or) Conditional operator: Syntax: (?:) Condition ? Expression 1 : Expression 2 ; Example; 1) a= 19 , b= 15 max = (a > b) ? a : b ; 2) salary = 15000 bonus = ( salary> 10000) ? salary*15/100 : salary* 5/100 ; 9 10 Java Notes Class X Special operators: new: dynamically allocate the memory for the object. Example: example e = new example( ); Dot (.) operator: invoking members of class Example: System.out.println(); (System.in) Operator precedence: Operator precedence determines the order in which the operators in an expression are evaluated. Object is an instance of a class. It is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior. Class represents a set of objects that share common characteristics and behavior. Abstraction : it is the act of representing essential features and hiding the background details. Encapsulation: it is an act of wrapping of the data and function as one single unit. Provides insulation of the data from the direct access by the program. Inheritance : it is the capability of one class to inherit the properties from another class Polymorphism: it is the ability of data to be processed in more than one form 10 11 Java Notes Class X Message passing when the objects need to interact with one another, they pass /request information to one another. This interaction is known as message passing. Compiler : It is a software which converts high level language program to machine language and viz. as a whole. It is faster but hard to debug. Interpreter: It is a software which converts high level language program to machine language and viz line by line. It is slow but easy to debug. Bytecode : When a java source code is compiled the resultant got is called a bytecode. Keywords: These are words have a specific meaning to a language compiler. Tokens: It is the smallest unit of a program Literals : is a token whose value does not change during the execution of a program. Comments: Giving remarks for a statement is called as a comment. There are 3 different types of giving a comment. // single line comment /* .. */ multi line comment /** .. */ documentation 11 12 Java Notes Class X Jdk Java development kit. Constant: a data item that never changes its value during a program runs. Final: The keyword final makes a variable as constant. i.e., whose value cannot be changed during the program execution Operators: a symbol used to depict a mathematical or logical operation. Arithmetic operators: they provide facilitation to the mathematical calculations within a program: they are + - * / % Assignment operators: These operators are used to assign the value of an expression to a variable : = Shorthand operators : allows ease while programming instructions and feature with all the available operators with two operands : += -= *= /= %= Relational operators: provide facilitation for comparing numbers and characters for calculation and do not function with strings.: > < <= >= == != Increment operator : is used to increment the variable by 1: ++ 12 13 Java Notes Class X Logical operators: used to conduct the logical combination of Boolean values within a program.: && || ! Expression : is a combination of operators, constants and variables. Type conversion: The process of converting one predefined type into another. Explicit type conversion: The process of converting one predefined type into another. It is user defined conversion that forces an expression to be of specific type (also called as type casting) e.g. int x= 65; char c = (char) x; it is called type casting. Implicit type conversion: The process of converting one predefined type into another is called type conversion. It is performed invisible without user intervention and hence known as automatic conversion. When two operands of different types are encountered in the same expression the lower type variable is converted to the type of the higher type variable automatically and is also known as type promotion.: byte x=8; int y=x; it is called coercion Variables A variable is defined as a location in the memory of the computer where the values are stored. 13 14 Java Notes Class X Static initialization: it is an expression that initializes a variable during compile time. E.g., int a=10; Dynamic initialization: it is an expression that initializes a variable during runtime; E.g.: int a= c * b; Package : is a collection of classes. Each package includes related built-in functions. Statement : A set of instructions which terminate with a colon are called a statement. E.g., int a =4; Compound statement / Block statement: Multiline statements are called compound/block statement. They are enclosed in curly brackets { } E.g., if(a>b) { a=4; b=0; } Selection statement: These are statements which allows to choose a set of instructions for execution depending upon an expression. 14 15 Java Notes Class X if-else statement tests an expression and depending upon its truth value one of the two sets of action is executed. Dangling else: In Nested if statement the number of it is more than the number of else.(unmatched if and else) Switch is a multiple branching statement, this statement tests the value of an expression against a list of integer or character constants for equality. Default statement gets executed when no match is found in the switch cases. Fall through: the fall of control to the following cases of matching case (or) execution of multiple cases after matching takes place in a switch statement. Iteration statements : executing a set of statements repeatedly until a given condition is met. Types: for, while and do- while statements. for is the easiest to understand of the Java loops. All its loop control elements are gathered in one place(on the top of the loop) While statement is another looping statement and it is entry controlled. The statement will work only if the condition is true. 15 16 Java Notes Class X Do-while: It is another looping statement and it is exit controlled. The statement will work once even if the condition is false. Jump statements: unconditionally transfer program control within a function. Break: it is used as a terminator from the enclosed loop and transfers the control to the statement after the loop.(terminate the current loop) (or) Break : When break statement is executed it comes out of the inner most loop(if it is a loop statement ) and it comes out of a switch-case statement. continue: Causes the control to transfer from within the block to the next iteration of the loop. (Terminates the current iteration) POP and OOPs POP Emphasis is given to functions OOP Emphasis is given to functions and data =&== = = is an assignment operator, used to assign values to a variable = = = = is a relational operator, used to check for equality e.g., a=4; if(a = = 5) 16 17 Java Notes Class X Variables & constant Variable A variable is defined as a location in the memory of the computer where the value is stored. Constant A constant is the value which is stored in a variable E.g.: a, amount Ida 37 P.S.M. st Pre increment and post increment both increment the value by 1. Pre increment Post increment Prefix the variable gets post increment is incremented incremented first and then use. after the operation of function of its associate operator, Whereas e.g., a=4; a+=++a; =9 a+=a++; = 8 & and && & & is a bitwise operator ( for the manipulation of data at the bit level) && && is a logical operator( the logical operator evaluates to true value if either of the 2 expressions is true. Implicit Type conversion & Explicit type conversion Implicit Is a conversion of one data type into another by the compiler without the user s intervention Implicit E.g. float a=4.5f; double x=987.9998; Explicit It is user defined that forces an expression to be of specific type int x=66; char c=(char)x; 17 18 Java Notes Class X If any operation is done using the above data types then the resultant will be double. Expression and operators Expression Expression is a combination of operators, constants and variables. It can be arithmetic, relational etc. E.g. : u+1/2 at2 Unary and Binary operators Unary operator 1 operator 1 operand E.g. -4 Operators Operators : it is a symbol used to represent logical or arithmetic operations E.g. : + - * / % Binary operator 1 operator 2 operand E.g. 2+4 if else- switch case If else All the different data types can be used Does not have a default operation Can be tested for logical and relational fn for and while For Can be used for only fixed iteration Can use only char or int type Switch case Only char and int type can be used Has a default operation Only for equality While Can be used when the no of times for a loop to be done is not known Any data type 18 19 Java Notes Class X do-while and while statement Do while Exit controlled If the condition is false then also the loop will be done once E.g.: int a=1; While (a>=5) { a++; } loop will not be done even once While Entry controlled If the condition is false then the loop will not be done at all int a=1; do { a++; }while(a>=5); loop will be done at least once / and % / Returns the quotient E.g.: int c=7/2 answer =3 float c=7/2 answer = 3.5 % Returns the remainder E.g.: int c=7%2 Answer =1 Compiler and interpreter Compiler Interpreter It is a software which converts It is a software which converts high level language into high level language into machine language as a whole machine language line by line It is faster Slower Debugging is harder Debugging is easier character and string literal Character literal A single character enclosed within single quotes String literal Zero or more characters enclosed within double quotation. primitive and user defined datatype 19 20 Java Notes Class X Primitive data type These are built in data types The sizes of these objects are fixed User defined data type Created by user The sizes of these data types depend upon their constituent members These data types are available The availability of these data in all parts of a java program types depends upon their scope print() and println() Print() The successive output will come in the same line Println() The successive output will come in a new line Break & continue Break Continue it serves as a terminator from Continue-causes the control to the enclosed loop,(i.e.) it transfer from within the block comes out of an inner loop. to the next iteration of the And transfers the control to the loop. statement after the loop. Break E.g. While(amount<100) { if(amount = = 11) break; } if amount is 11 then the control will be transferred to the statement following the while loop. E.g. for(i=0;i<5;i++) { if(a= =0) continue; System.out.println(a*a); 20 21 Java Notes Class X Operator Precedence Precedence Operator 15 () [] 14 ++ -13 ++ -+ ! ~ (type) 12 * / % 11 + 10 << >> >>> 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Type Parentheses Array subscript Member selection Unary post-increment Unary post-decrement Unary pre-increment Unary pre-decrement Unary plus Unary minus Unary logical negation Unary bitwise complement Unary type cast Multiplication Division Modulus Addition Subtraction Bitwise left shift Bitwise right shift with sign extension Bitwise right shift with zero extension < Relational less than <= Relational less than or equal > Relational greater than >= Relational greater than or equal instanceof Type comparison (objects only) == Relational is equal to != Relational is not equal to & Bitwise AND ^ Bitwise exclusive OR | Bitwise inclusive OR && Logical AND || Logical OR ?: Ternary conditional = Assignment += Addition assignment -= Subtraction assignment *= Multiplication assignment /= Division assignment %= Modulus assignment Associativity Left to Right Right to left Right to left Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Right to left 21 22 Java Notes Class X Objects & Classes Object An identifiable entity with certain characteristics, behavior, and attributes. Classes A group or collection of similar objects with similar characteristics and behavior. (An instance of a class). Variable Variable A named memory location to store values. Local: Defined inside a block or method Static/Class: Declared with static keyword, these variables have a common copy for each object Non-Static/Instance: Each and every object will have a common copy of it and can only be accessed with the help of an object Constructor Constructor is a special method which is used to initialize instance/non-static variable. Properties of constructors A constructor has the same name as the class It does not have a return type, not even void It doesn t have a calling statement The constructor gets called when an object is created Types of constructors Parameterised Constructor Non Parameterised 22 23 Java Notes Class X Examples: Parameterized: 1. Int num1, num2, sum; 2. Sum(int num1, num2){ 3. num1=num1; 4. num2=num2; 5. } Non-Parameterized: 1. Int num1, num2, sum; 2. Sum(){ 3. Sum=0; 4. } Constructor Overloading When there are more than one constructor in a program, it s called constructor overloading. this keyword this is a keyword which refers to the current object. Example: 1. String flavor; float cost; 2. Fruitjuice(String flavor, float cost){ 3. this.flavor=flavor; 4. this.cost=cost; 5. } 6. Return types indicate the type of outcome of a method to be returned to its caller. Ex: int, double, float, char, short, byte, Boolean, void Example: 1. Public int sum(int a, int b){ 2. c=a+b; 3. Return c; 4. } 23 24 Java Notes Class X Function/Method Function is a set of Java executable statements enclosed in a function definition. Built in methods Methods User defined methods Advantages of methods: Reusability Manage complex programs into smaller parts Hide details Method definition/prototype refers to the first line of a method which contains the access specifier, modifier, return type, method name and the method signature. Syntax 1. <access specifier> <modifier> <return type> <method name> (list of parameters) 2. { 3. <statements> 4. } 5. //eg: 6. public static int(int a, int b){ 7. int c=a+b; 8. return c; 9. } Method call syntax: 1. <object name>.<method name>(arguments); 2. //Example: 3. a.example(); new keyword is used to dynamically allocate memory for the object 24 25 Java Notes Class X Static keyword is a modifier which identifies the method as a class method. It means that the method is not called through an object Access-specifier: Keywords (except friendly) that control the visibility of a data member Private: the data members or member methods which are specified as private can be used only within the scope of the class. These members are not accessed outside the class. Public: The class members specified as public can be used even outside the visibility of a class Protected: the protected members are used in the class as private members which can only be applied within the class but can be inherited to another class Return types indicate the type of outcome of a method to be returned to its caller. Ex: int, double, float, char, short, byte, Boolean, void Method signature: Collection of data type and variable names written inside a function definition. Parameters: The value which is passed into the function to instantiate Parameters Actual parameters In method calling Formal parameters In method definition Actual parameters: The parameters that appear in method calling Formal parameters: The parameters that appear in method definition 25 26 Java Notes Class X Actual Parameters Appear in method calling Original value Ways of passing values to a function Formal Parameters Appear in method definition Copied value of actual parameters Pass/call by value: Any change made in the formal parameters will not reflect in the actual parameters Pass/call by reference: Any change made in the formal parameters will reflect in the actual parameters Call by value Changes made in the formal parameters will not reflect in the actual parameters Primitive type data are passed to the method using pass by value It is a pure function Call by reference Changes made in the formal parameters will reflect in the actual parameters Reference type data are passed to the method using pass by value It is an impure function Pure function/accessor method: A method that returns a value but does not change the state of an object Impure function/mutator: A method that may not return a value but change the state of an object Recursive Function: A function that calls itself / A function that refers to itself for execution 26 27 Java Notes Class X Method Overloading Method overloading: Multiple functions sharing the same name with different parameters/ method signature. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. void Area(int side){ area=side*side; } void Area(int l, int b){ area=l*b; } Arrays Array: An Array is a set of like variables which are referred to by a common name. A number called subscript/index is used to distinguish one from the other. Syntax 1. <data type> <array name>[]=new <data type>[<n>]; n denotes the maximum number of elements that the array can hold. Assigning values for an Array Ex: 1. int arr[]={1, 2, 3, 4} .lenght function Tells the number of elements in an array Ex: 1. int len=arr.length; 27 28 Java Notes Class X Linear search: The search element is checked with all the elements of the array. If the element is found, the flag variable is made to 1 otherwise, it remains 0 . Linear Search Can work with both sorted and unsorted arrays. Reads and compares each element of the array one by one. Binary Search Works only with sorted arrays. Works by dividing the array in two segments out of which only one needs to be searched. String Handling & Library Classes In Java, String is an object which contains a sequence of characters. String class is used to create and manipulate strings. The String class is available in java.lang package. Declaration and Assigning a String 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. //Declaration: String <variable>; //Ex: String str; //Assigning: <variable>=<String literal>; //Ex: str= Hello World! ; Input a String 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. //For a string without any space (For a single word): <variable>=<Scanner object>.next(); Str=sc.next(); //For a String with spaces (For a sentence): <variable>=<Scanner object>.nextLine(); Str=sc.nextLine(); 28 29 Java Notes Class X String Functions For all the below examples, str= COMPUTER ; Output will be displayed as a single line comment (//). Quick Tip 1. Function names start with lowercase and then the second word starts with uppercase letters. Eg: indexOf(); 2. Topics asked in board questions are marked with .length() (int) This function is used to return the length of the string. Syntax with example: 1. <int variable>=<string var>.length(); 2. int Len=str.length(); 3. //8 .charAt() (char) This function returns the character from the given index. Syntax with example: 1. <char variable>=<string var>.charAt(<index>); 2. char ch=str.charAt(2); 3. //O 29 30 Java Notes Class X .indexOf() (int) This function returns the index of first occurrence of a character. Syntax with example: 1. <int variable>=<string var>.indexOf(<character>); 2. int idx=str.indexOf( M ); 3. //2 .indexOf(char ch, int start_index) (int) This function returns the index of a given character from the given index. Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. <int var>=<String var>.indexOf(<char var>,<int var>); char ch= M ; int ind=str.indexOf(ch, 1); //2 .lastIndexOf(char ch) (int) This function returns the index of the last occurrence of a given character. Syntax with example: 1. <int var>=<String var>.lastIndexOf(char ch); 2. int ind=str.lastIndexOf( E ); 3. //6 .substring(int start_index, int last_index) (String) This function is used to extract a set of characters simultaneously from a given index upto the end of the String or till a given index. Syntax with example: 1. <String var>=<String var>.substring(<int var>,<int var>); 2. String ext=str.substring(3); 3. //PUTER 30 31 Java Notes Class X .toLowerCase() (String) This function is used to convert a given String to lowercase letters (entire string). Syntax with example: 1. <String var>=<String var>.toLowerCase(); 2. String lc=str.toLowerCase(); 3. //computer .toUpperCase() (String) This function is used to convert a given String to uppercase letters (entire string). Syntax with example: 1. <String var>=<String var>.toUpperCase(); 2. String uc=str.toUpperCase(ind); 3. //COMPUTER .replace(char old, char new) (String) This function is used to replace a character or a sequence of characters in a String with a new character or sequence of characters. (NOTE: This does not work with int values) Syntax with example: 1. <String var>=<String var>.replace(<char var>,<char var>); 2. String rep=str.replace( PUTER , PUTE ); 3. //COMPUTE .concat(String second) (String) This function is used to concatenate/join two Strings together. (NOTE: This does not add any spaces in-between) Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. <String var>=<String var>.concat(s); String s= STUDENT ; String con=str.(s); //COMPUTERSTUDENT 31 32 Java Notes Class X .equals(String srt) (boolean) This function is used to check for equality between two Strings. (NOTE: This function returns a boolean value. This function cannot be used for characters. //You can simply use == for characters. This can be used in if statements) Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. <boolean var>=<String var>.equals(<String var>); String s= COMPUTER ; boolean chk=str.equals(s); //true . equalsIgnoreCase(String str) (boolean) This function does the same function of .equals() function. The only difference is that it does not care about the case (It ignores the case). Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=<String var>.equalsIgnoreCase(<String var>); 2. boolean chk=str.equalsIgnoreCase( cOmPuTeR ); //true .compareTo(String str) (int) This function is used to compare two Strings. It also checks whether a String is bigger or smaller than the other and returns a suitable int value. It returns 0 if both are equal. A positive value when the first is bigger than the second and a negative value when the second String is bigger than the first. It returns the no. of additional characters when both the Strings first sequence of characters are equal but the other has additional characters. Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. <int var>=<String var>.compareTo(<String var>); String s= SCIENCE ; int cmp=str.compareTo(s); //A, B, C, (C is the 3rd letter in the Alphabet and S is the 19 th) //the value of cmp will be-16 because (3-19=-16) 32 33 Java Notes Class X .compareToIgnoreCase(String str) (int) This function does the same function as .compareTo but it ignores the case. Syntax with example: 1. <int var>=<String var>.compareToIgnoreCase(<String var>); 2. int cmp=str.compareToIgnoreCase( cOmPuTeR ); 3. //0 .trim() (String) This function removes spaces at the start and end of the String. (NOTE: This function does not remove spaces in-between characters) Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. <String var>=<String var>.trim(); Str= He llo World! ; String trm=str.trim(); //He llo World! .startsWith(String str) (boolean) This function is used to check if the given String is a prefix to the other. Syntax with example: 1. 2. 3. 4. <boolean var>=<String var>.startsWith(<String var>); pfx= COM boolean chk=str.startsWith(pfx); //true .endsWith(String str) (boolean) This function is used to check if a given String has a specified suffix. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=<String var>.ends with(<String var>); 2. boolean chk=str.endsWith( TER ); 33 34 Java Notes Class X .equals() Returns a Boolean value It checks for equality between two Strings .compareTo() Returns a an int value It checks if a String is equal, bigger or smaller than the other. Difference Between equals() and compareTo() functions Library Classes & Wrapper Classes For better understanding: Before we get into Library Classes & Wrapper Classes, it s important to know what is a primitive and composite data types. Primitive Data Type: These are fundamental built-in data types of fixed sizes. Ex: int, long, float Composite/Reference/User-Defined Data Type: These are data types created by the user. The availability of these data types depends upon their scope and sizes depend upon their constituent members. Ex: array, class, object Primitive data type These are built in data types The sizes of these objects are fixed Composite data type Created by user The sizes of these data types depend upon their constituent members These data types are available The availability of these data in all parts of a java program types depends upon their scope Difference between primitive and composite data type. 34 35 Java Notes Class X Library Classes JDK (Java Development Kit) V1.5 and above contains Java Class Library (JCL) which contains various packages. Each package contains various classes containing different built-in functions. JDK JCL Packages Classes Functions Ex: java.lang, java.math Wrapper Class Wrapper Classes are a part of java.lang (A Library Class Package). Wrapper classes contain primitive data values in terms of objects/ Wrapper Class wraps a primitive data type to an object. There are 8 wrapper classes in Java. Ex: Integer, Byte, Double (NOTE: Wrapper Classes always start with an uppercase letter Ex: Integer, Boolean, Float) Need for Wrapper Classes To store primitive values in the objects To convert a string data into other primitive types and viceversa 35 36 Java Notes Class X Wrapper Class Primitive Type Byte Byte Short short Integer int Long long Float float Double double Character char Boolean boolean Wrapper Classes and their primitive types Functions/Methods of Wrapper Classes Conversion from String to Primitive types For converting String to any primitive data type, Wrapper Class functions can be used. For any primitive data Wrapper Class, the parse<prm data type>(<String arg>) (or) valueOf(<String arg>) functions can be used. Eg: int i=Integer.parseInt(s); int j=Integer.valueOf(s); For better understanding: 1. <prm data type var>=<prm data type Wrapper Class>.parse<prm data type name>(<String arg>); 2. <prm data type var>=<prm data type wrapper class>.valueOf(<String arg>); 3. 4. //Examples: 5. int a=Integer.parseInt( 238 ); 6. doubleb=Double.parseDouble( 23.45 ); 7. int c=Integer.valueOf( 37 ); 8. float d=Float.valueOf( 42.87 ); Examples of each <> (In the above syntax): prm data type: int a | double b prm data type name: Int | Long | Double prm data wrapper class: Integer | Double String arg: 38.743 | 1874293856 36 37 Java Notes Class X Conversion from primitive type data to String For converting a primitive type data to a String, the toString() Wrapper Class function can be used. Ex: Integer.toString() | Double.toString() 1. <String var>=<Wrapper Class>.toString(<prm data arg>); 2. String cnv=Integer.toString(38); 3. String dbl=Double.toString(94.53); Boxing, Unboxing & Autoboxing Boxing Conversion of primitive type data to an object. Syntax with example: 1. <wrapper class> <object name>=new <wrapper class>(<prm type arg>); 2. int a=239; 3. Integer x=new Integer(a); Unboxing Conversion of an object to primitive type data. Syntax with example: 1. <int var>=<wrapper class obj> 2. int b=x; Autoboxing Boxing is the mechanism and autoboxing is the feature of the compiler which generates the boxing code. Syntax with example: 1. <wrapper class> <object name>=new <wrapper class>(<prm type arg>); 2. int a=239; 3. Integer x=new Integer(a); 37 38 Java Notes Class X Character Character is defined as a letter, a digit or any special symbol/UNICODE enclosed within single quotes. Ex: @ , s , 5 Assigning a character A Character is declared under char data type. Syntax with example: 1. char <var name>= <char literal> ; 2. char ch= a ; Input a character A Character is declared under char data type. Syntax with example: 1. <char var>=<Scanner obj>.next().charAt(0); 2. ch=sc.next().charAt(0); Character Functions Character.isLetter() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is a letter or not. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.isLetter(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( A ); //true Character.isDigit() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is a digit or not. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.isDigit(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( 7 ); //true 38 39 Java Notes Class X Character.isLetterOrDigit() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is either a letter or a digit or none of these. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( A ); //true Character.isWhitespace() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is a blank/gap/space or not. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( A ); //false Character.isUpperCase() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is an uppercase letter or not. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( A ); //true Character.isLowerCase() (boolean) This function is used to check if a given argument is a or not. Syntax with example: 1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>); 2. boolean chk=Character.is( A ); //false Character.toUpperCase() (char) This function is used to convert/returns a given argument/character/letter to/in uppercase character/letter. Syntax with example: 1. <char var>=Character.toUpperCase(<char arg>); 2. char uc=Character.toUpperCase( a ); //A 39 40 Java Notes Class X Character.toLowerCase() (char) This function is used to convert/returns a given argument/character/letter to/in lowercase character/letter. Syntax with example: 1. <char var>=Character.toLowerCase(<char arg>); 2. char lc=Character.toLowerCase( A ); //a Differentiate between the following Unary & Binary operator (ICSE 2019) Unary Works on single operand E.g., ++, -- Binary Works on 2 operands E.g., +, -, *, / If else if and switch case (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme) If else if Switch case Range if values are checked Only one value is compared Supports both primitive and Supports only integer, char composite data type Relational/Logical expression can Only equality can be checked be checked Linear search and Binary search (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme) Linear Search Binary Search Array need not be sorted Array must be sorted Checks each item Does not check each item th Checks the search value from the 0 Checks the search value from the index middle value of the array It checks in a sequential order It checks by dividing the array into two halves Call by value and Call by reference (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme) Call by value Call by reference It works with primitive data type It works with reference data type The original value of variable The original value of variable remains unchanged changes Operation is performed on Operation is performed on duplicate value of variables original values of variables. It is also called as pure function. It is also called as Impure function. 40 41 Java Notes Class X Searching and sorting (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme) Searching Sorting To find an element in an array is To arrange the elements in an order called searching is called sorting Eg: Linear Search Eg: Bubble sort isUpperCase and toUpperCase (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme) isUpperCase toUpperCase CHECKS whether a given character CONVERTS the character to its upper is an uppercase letter or not case Output of this function is boolean Output of this function is character While loop and do while loop (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme) While loop Do while loop Entry controlled loop Exit controlled loop If condition is false in the beginning, Loop will be execute at least once loop never executes even if the condition is false Minimum reputation is 0 Minimum reputation is 1 Constructor and function (ICSE 2017) Constructor The constructor ahs the same name as the class It does not have a return type, not even void Break and Continue Break Used to terminate a block in which it exists Break statement can be used in switch case as well as loop statements Function A function has a different name than that of the class It must have a return type Continue Used to transfer the control to the next iteration It cannot be used it a stitch case Unboxing and Boxing (ICSE Prelim) Unboxing Boxing Conversion of an object to primitive Conversion of primitive type data to data type an object Passed as an argument to a function Passed as an argument to a function which is expecting a primitive data which is expecting a wrapper class type variable. object. 41 42 Java Notes Class X Private and public access specifier Private These members are accessible only within the same class where it s declared. Higher level of encapsulation Public These members are accessible within the package as well as outside the package. Lowest level of encapsulation Note: All classes in the package have access to the member defined friendly. The classes outside the package doesn t have access to the member. ! Errors Syntax Error Runtime Error Logical Error Types of Errors (Icons are for illustration purposes only. FrozenNotes cannot be held liable for incorrect representation) 1. Errors which prevent a code from execution due to are called Compile Time Errors. These may include mistakes like missing semicolon, missing brackets, grammatical mistakes and more System.out.print( Hello ) //Missing semicolon 2. public stat void hello(){System.out.println( Hello World! ); //Missing brackets & grammatical 3. int a=7, b=5; 4. z=a+b; //uninitialized variable z 1. Errors which are during the of the program. Runtime errors occur when a program does 42 43 Java Notes Class X not contain any syntax errors but asks the computer to do something that the computer is . 1. int a=248, b=0, c=0; 2. c=a/b; //Division by 0 is not possible Error occurred when the program the function and yields a different result. These programs get and executed but gives a result then what is expected. 1. int a=34, b=7, c=0; c=a/b; //Incorrect operator 2. System.out.println( The reminder of a divided by b is +c+ and I m confident about it ); A sequence of statements which until the system crashes or the execution is terminated. These are encountered/occur when the given is not . 1. for(i=0; i<1; i--){ 2. System.out.println( Ah! I won t stop, do whatever you can but please don t terminate! ); 3. } == == is a relational operator == can be used for all type of data except Strings equals() equals() is a String class function Equals() can only be used for Strings 43 44 Java Notes Class X Revision/Review Questions Revision of Class IX Syllabus 1. What is a token? Give examples 2. What are non-graphic characters? Explain their usage in Java programming language. 3. Name any two OOPs principles. [ICSE 2015] 4. What is a class? 5. Define encapsulation. [ICSE 2016] 6. What is inheritance? [ICSE 2017] 7. What are keywords? Give an example. [ICSE 2016] 8. Define byte code. [ICSE 2010] 9. Name any two types of programs. [ICSE 2007] 10. What is a literal? [ICSE 2013] 11. Rewrite the following using ternary operator [ICSE 2018] 1. if(bill>10000) 2. dis=bill*10.0/100; 3. else 4. dis=bill*5.0/100; 12. Differentiate between if-else & switch [ICSE 2014] = , == [ICSE 2007] while & do-while [ICSE 2018] break & continue [ICSE 2013] class & object [ICSE 2011] Primitive & Non-Primitive data types [ICSE 2016] 13. Name any two access specifiers. [ICSE 2016] 14. Why is a class called a factory of objects? [ICSE 2009] (Ans.) A class contains all the statements needed to create an object, as well as statements to describe the operations that the object will be able to perform. 15. Name the primitive data type in Java that is [ICSE 2014] i) A 64-bit integer and is used when you need a range of values wider than those provided by int (or) What is the size of long data type? 44 45 Java Notes Class X ii) A single 16-bit Unicode character whose default value is \u0000 (Ans. char) Objects and Classes, Constructor, Functions, Arrays 1. Define Class Object Function Function prototype Array 2. Differentiate between Actual & Formal parameters Call by value & call by reference Pure & Impure functions Static & Non-Static variables Linear & Binary search 3. What is the role of the keyword void in declaring functions? [ICSE 2007] 4. What is the OOP principle implements function overloading? [ICSE 2007] 5. Write the prototype of a function check() which takes an integer value as an argument and returns a character. [ICSE 2018] String Handling & Library Classes MCQ 1. What does compareTo() return? [ICSE 2014] a) boolean b) double c) int d) A detailed list of analysis of the values of the Strings 45 46 Java Notes Class X 2. What does equals() return? [ICSE 2014] a) int b) float c) String d) boolean 3. Name a function that removes the blank spaces at the start and at the end of the String. [ICSE 2015] a) removeSpace() b) trim() c) delSpace() d) Dear Examiner, there is no such function which does that. -Candidate 4. What is the value of ind if ind=str.indexOf( a ); while str= Tata, bye bye! ; a) 2 b) 2,4 c) 1 d) ERROR. Please check the question! Answer the following 1. Name any two wrapper classes [ICSE 2013] 2. What is the return type of the following library functions e) isWhiteSpace() b) Math.random [ICSE 2013] 3. What are library classes? Give an example. [ICSE 2011] 4. Why is class known as composite data type? [ICSE 2009] 5. A method that converts a String to an Integer primitive data type [ICSE 2009] Programs (Includes questions out of board papers) 1. Write a program to replace a particular index with a given character in a String. Ex: input: FrozenNotes | 5 | d (3 separate inputs) output: FrozedNotes 46 47 Java Notes Class X 2. Write a program to display a word in reverse. 3. Write a program to delete alt letters in a word. Ex: Input: FrozenNotes Output: F o e n o e s Mock-Up Solved Question Paper Question 1: Choose the correct answer 1. Which among the following is a valid float literal? a. 12.36f b. 12.36F c. 12.36 d. Both a and b Ans. d. Both a and b 2. If a is of type int and b is of type float what would be the resultant data type of a+b? a. int b. float c. double d. short Ans. b. float 3. Which among the following operator is used to access individual members of an object? a. . (dot) b. + (plus) c. (minus) d. / (divide) Ans. a. . (dot) 4. Which among the following is not a primitive data type? a. int b. short c. String d. Long Ans. c. String 47 48 Java Notes Class X 5. How many objects can you create from a class? a. One b. Two c. Ah! You can t create any d. Any number Ans. d. Any number 6. What is the name given to a memory location called in Java? a. Variable b. Constant c. Data Type d. MemoryLoc Ans. a. Variable 7. A type of parameter that are used to identify what data is to be passed to a function is called: a. Formal parameter b. Actual parameter c. Both a and b d. Para-Function Parameter Ans. a. Formal parameter 8. The number of values that a function can return is: a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 d. Any number Ans. a. 1 9. If constructors are overloaded, what differentiates it? a. Parameter list b. Return type c. Both a and b d. The name Ans. B. Return type 10. If the name of a class is Word , what can be the possible name for its constructor? a. Word b. Letter c. Alphabet d. Character Ans. a. Word 48 49 Java Notes Class X 11. What access specifier for a constructor allows you to create an object only within the class? a. public b. private c. protected d. default Ans. b. private 12. Which of the following is not a wrapper class? a. Byte b. Int c. Long d. Float Ans. b. Int 13. What package is a part of the wrapper class which is imported by default into all Java programs? a. java.util b. java.lang c. java.awt d. None of these Ans. b. java.lang 14. What is, converting a primitive value into an object of the corresponding wrapper class called? a. Autoboxing b. Unboxing c. Type Casting d. All of these Ans. a. Autoboxing 15. Which among the following function is used to check whether a given character is a tab space or not? a. isBlank() b. isTabSpace() c. isEmpty() d. isWhitespace() Ans. d. isWhitespace() 16. If s= 5879 , which among the following will convert it to an integer? a. int a=Integer(s); b. int a=(int)s; c. int a=parseInt(s); d. int a=Integer.parseInt(a); Ans. d. int a=Integer.parseInt(a); 49 50 Java Notes Class X 17. What is a collection of same types of values? a. String b. Collection c. Array d. None of the above Ans. c. Array 18. From what digit does an array index begin from? a. 0 c. 2 Ans. a. 0 b. 1 d. -1 19. Which among the following is used to represent a document comment? a. // b. /* c. /** */ d. <! Ans. a. /** */ 20. Which among the following is a valid class name? a. Last#Question#Yay b. Last$Question$Yay c. Last Question, Yay! d. last_question_yay! Ans. b. Last$Question$Yay Question 2: Answer the following questions 1. What are keywords? Give an example. Ans. A keyword is a reserved word that conveys a special meaning to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for. Example- for, if, else, while etc. 2. What is the value of y after evaluating the expression given below ? y + = + +y+y l y; when int y=8 Ans. 8 + (9 + 9 + 7) = 8 + 25 =33 50 51 Java Notes Class X 3. Give the output of the following : (i) Math.floor (- 4.7) (ii) Math.ceil(3.4) + Math.pow(2,3) Ans. (i) 5.0 (iI) 12.0 4. Write two characteristics of a constructor. Ans. (i) Constructor has the same name as of class. (ii) Constructor gets invoked when an object is created. 5. Write the output for the following : System.out.prindn( Incredible + \n + India ); Ans. Incredible India 6. Convert the following if else if construct into switch case if (var= = 1) System.out .println( good ); else if(var= =2) System.out.prindn( better ); else if(var= =3) System.out.prindn( best ); else System.out.prindn( invalid ); Ans. switch (ch) { case 1: System.out .println( good ); break; . case 2: System.out .println( better ); break; case 3: System.out.println( invalid ); break; } 51 52 Java Notes Class X 7. Give the output of the following code : String P = 20 , Q = 23 , int a = Integer .parselnt(P); int b = Integer. valueOf(Q); System.out.println(a+ +b); Ans. 2023 8. What are the various types of errors in Java ? Ans. Syntax error, Runtime error, Logical error 9. State the data type and value of res after the following is executed : char ch = 9 ; res = Character. isDigit(ch) ; Ans. boolean true 10. Write the output for the following: String s1 = Frozen ; String s2 = Notes ; System.out.println (s1.substring(0, 6).concat (s2.charAt(0))); System.out.println(s2.toUpperCase( )); Ans. FrozeN NOTES Question 3: Write a program to input 15 integer elements in an array and sort them in ascending order using the bubble sort technique. Question 4: 52 53 Java Notes Class X Write a program to input a sentence and convert it into uppercase and count and display the total number of words starting with a letter A . Question 5: Write a program to input a number and check and print whether it is a Pronic number [15] or not. (Pronic number is the number which is the product of two consecutive integers) Examples : 12 = 3 4 . 20 = 4 5 42 = 6 7 Question 6: Design a class Railway Ticket with following description : Instance variables/s data members : String name : To store the name of the customer String coach : To store the type of coach customer wants to travel long mobno : To store customer s mobile number int amt : To store basic amount of ticket int totalamt : To store the amount to be paid after updating the original amount Member methods void accept ( ) To take input for name, coach, mobile number and amount void update ( ) To update the amount as per the coach selected Type of Coaches First_ AC Second_AC Third _AC sleeper Amount 700 500 250 None 53 54 Java Notes Class X Question 7: Write a program to accept name and total marks of N number of students in two single subscript array name[] and totalmarks[ ]. Calculate and print: (i) The average of the total marks obtained by N Number of students. [average = (sum of total marks of all the students)/N] (ii) Deviation of each student s total marks with the average. [deviation = total marks of a student average] Question 8: Using the switch statement, write a menu driven program for the following : (i) To print the Floyd s triangle [given below] : 1 23 456 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (ii) = 2 1 + 3 2 + 3 3 + 3 4 + +1 Suggestions For Candidates From The CISCE Council Follow the concepts given in the scope of the syllabus. Clarify the concepts and practise them both, on the paper and on the computer. Solve a lot of problems based on all the concepts. Learn the syntax and working of every concept properly, with 54 55 Java Notes Class X suitable examples. Comprehend the key terms/definitions and then learn. Practise Library class and its various functions. Check its output on the computer to understand their working. Develop the habit to do dry run of a program, which you write. This will help in better understanding of concepts and aid in solving questions. Apply simple logic in programs to get desired output. Complete the assignments and cross check on the computer for their proper working. Get the assignments checked by your teacher. Solve previous years ICSE question papers to understand the types of questions asked and how to attempt an ICSE question paper. Check output-based questions on the computer. Design your own questions for string functions, math functions, loops - for, while, do while, etc. Check for the logic for different variety of numbers-based questions and develop a logic for the same. Do not resort to rote learning this subject but understand and practise the concepts learnt regularly. Follow a proper study schedule when preparing for the examination. Revise and integrate the concepts studied in Class IX with the Class X syllabus. Avoid selective study. Give equal importance to all the topics mentioned in the syllabus. Practise each topic/sub topic with as many examples as possible. Being an application-oriented subject, apply what is taught in the program and explain its outcome. Give sufficient practice to output-based questions. Learn correct use of all statements to eliminate syntax errors. Practise programs on various types of loops, their working, conversion from one loop to another and working of nested loop. Use proper variable names and ensure that every program has a variable description table. Avoid writing abbreviations like SOP, SOPLN, PSVM. Understand the logic of a program instead of memorising it. Explain programs using Mnemonic variables and comments. After writing the program, dry run it with different inputs. 55 56 Java Notes Class X Write variable description /Mnemonic codes for every program. Read the questions carefully and write the answers according to their requirements. Utilize the reading time to clearly understand the nature of the question. Do not waste time in writing long variable descriptions At least write 2 comments in a program Give proper spacing in-between blocks in a program Split the program logic into different parts for better analyzation Do not skip any questions, try it. At the same time avoid writing alarmingly incorrect answers, writing these type of answers may irritate the examiner. Do not CHEAT/UNFAIR MEANS. Wishes You All The Best For Your Exams! GENERAL NOTICE The notes are as per the latest ICSE curriculum (ICSE 2023) VERSION: CAT4.7.2 Made In India COPYRIGHT NOTICE 2022-2025 FROZENNOTES Subject to (CC BY-NC-SA) Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International CC- Creative Commons BY Attribution is Required for this document NC Non-Commercial SA Adaptations must be shared under the same licence No individual/team/group/organisation/company/cooperate is allowed to earn profit from/with/through this document. EDUCATION IS NOT FOR PROFIT Additional permission requests can be made (Approval guarantee - subject to request) FROZENNOTES reserves the right to change the terms anytime without (or) with prior notice REPORTS & SUGGESTIONS Any doubts/questions/suggestions/permission request regarding the document can be sent to https://frozennotes.github.io/ICSE_Resources (or) sanjayrohith@outlook.com Enhanced with Microsoft Editor AI Not affiliated with Microsoft or CISCE 56 57 Java Notes Class X Notes _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 57

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