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UNIVERSAL EDUCATION ICSE GRADE X SUBJECT : BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Question 1 (a) Name the following. 1. The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricle relax. Ans. Ventricular diastole 2. The respiratory pigment in erythrocytes. Ans. Haemoglobin 3. The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood to the liver. Ans. Hepatic artery. 4. The valve present in between the chambers of the right side of the human heartAns. Tricuspid valve. 5. A fluid that transports fatty acid and glycerol. Ans. Lymph. 6. A disease in which blood fails to clot naturally. Ans. Haemophilia. 7. The yellow coloured fluid part of the blood. Ans. Plasma. 8. Any two organelles absent in matured RBCs. Ans. Nucleus and Mitochondria. 9. Average life of RBCs. Ans. 120 days. 10. Two major categories of WBCsAns. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes. 11. Blood cells involved in Leukemia. Ans. WBCs. 12. The vitamin required for clotting of blood. Ans. Vitamin K. 13. The cells that initiate blood clotting. Ans. Blood platelets. 14. The wall that separates the left and right side of the heart. Ans. Septum. 15. The outer covering of the heart. Ans. Pericardium. 16. The fluid that helps the heart to contract smoothly. Ans. Pericardial fluid. 17. The largest artery. Ans. Aorta. 18. The contraction phase of the heart. Ans. Systole. (b) State whether the following statements are True or False. If False, write the correct statement by changing the first or the last word only. 1. Ans. 2. Ans. 3. Ans. 4. Ans. 5. Ans. 6. Ans. 7. Ans. 8. Ans. 9. Ans. New born infants have a large number of RBCs. True RBCs count is higher during pregnancy. True Blood fails to clot readily in the case of deficiency of calcium. True The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle. True Atrial diastole occurs when the atria relaxes. True DUP is the first heart sound. False-LUBB is the first heart sound. Average life of a red blood cell is about 120 hours. False-Average life of a red blood cell is 120 days. Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood. True In the heart, the valve in the left half is mitral. True. (c) Match the items in the column I with those which are most appropriate in column II Sr.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Column I Vein Alveoli Defective hemoglobin in RBCs The liquid squeezed out of the blood during clotting Never tires, keeps on contracting and relaxing Liquid part of blood without corpuscles Cardiac cycle. Column II diffusion of gases deoxygenated blood Plasma 0.85 sec. Column I Vein Alveoli Defective hemoglobin in RBCs The liquid squeezed out of the blood during clotting Never tires, keeps on contracting and relaxing Column II[answers] deoxygenated blood diffusion of gases Sickle cell anemia Serum Sickle cell anemia Cardiac muscle Serum Answers: Sr.no 1 2 3 4 5 Cardiac muscle 6 7 Liquid part of blood without corpuscles Cardiac cycle. Plasma 0.85 sec (d) State the exact location of the following:1. Tricuspid valve Ans. At the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. 2. Pulmonary semilunar valve Ans. At the opening of the right ventricle into pulmonary artery. 3. Aortic semilunar valve. Ans. At the point of origin of aorta from left ventricle. 4. Mitral/Bicuspid valve Ans. At the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle. 5. Coronary arteries Ans. The two coronary arteries (right and left) arises from the base of the aorta. 6. Right atrio-ventricular valve Ans. It is located at the aperture between the right auricle and the right ventricle 7. Left atrio-ventricular valve Ans. It is located at the aperture between the left auricle and the left ventricle. (e) State the function of the following :1. Coronary artery Ans. It carries blood to the muscles of the heart. 2. Thrombocytes Ans. They help in blood clotting. (Blood platelets) 3. Neutrophils Ans. They carry out phagocytosis 4. Eosinophils Ans. It engulfs bacteria and secrets antitoxin. 5. Basophils Ans. It releases chemicals for inflammation which dilate blood vessels. 6. Lymphocytes Ans. It produces antibodies which provide immunity. 7. Monocytes Ans. It ingest germs 8. Haemoglobin Ans. It combines readily with oxygen to forms an unstable compound oxyhaemoglobin which readily gives up oxygen to the needy tissues. 9. Pericardial fluid Ans. It reduces friction during heartbeat and protect it from mechanical injury. 10. Spleen Ans. It acts as a blood reservoir, produces lymphocytes & destroys worn out red blood cells. (f) Explain the following terms:1. Phagocytosis Ans. This is a process in which most WBCs, especially the neutrophils engulf bacteria. This is a defensive mechanism against disease germ. 2. Pus Ans. Pus is mainly composed of the dead white blood cells together with the tissue cells destroyed by the bacteria. 3. Leukemia Ans. Leukemia is a cancer of the tissue forming WBCs whose number increases manifold at the cost of RBCs. It is usually a fatal disease. 4. Leucopenia Ans. Leucopenia is a disease caused due to abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs. 5. Universal donor Ans. A person with blood group O type is called universal donor as O group can donate blood to all the types of blood group. 6. Universal recipient Ans. A person with blood group AB type is called universal recipient as AB group can receive blood from all the types of blood group. 7. Myocardial infarction. Ans. When there is blockage in any coronary artery or in any one or more of their branches there is a deadening of the corresponding area of heart muscles leading to myocardial infarction . 8. Angina pectoris Ans. Angina pectoris is the chest pain due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle. (g) Define the following: 1. Pulse Ans. Pulse is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole. 2. Blood pressure Ans. Blood pressure is the pressure which the blood flowing through the arteries exerts on their walls. 3. Portal vein Ans. A portal vein is one which starts with capillaries and also ends in capillaries. 4. Hypertension Ans. A rise in blood pressure above 140/90 mm is known as hypertension. 5. Diapedesis Ans. It is a process by which WBCs can move by amoeboid movement around and can squeeze out through the leaky walls of blood capillaries into almost all parts of the body. (h) Choose the odd one out from the following sets and mention the category of the remaining three. 1. Mitral valve, Sino atrial node, Aorta, Pulmonary vein. Ans. Odd one- Sino atrial node. Category-Parts of the heart located on the left side of the heart. 2. Basophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils. Ans. Odd one- Monocytes. Category- Set of granular leucocytes. 3. Stomach, kidney, hepatic portal vein, liver. Ans. Odd one-Kidney. Category-Organs involved in the hepatic portal system. (i) Fill in the blanks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The fluid matrix of blood is called plasma. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin present in RBCs and forms oxyhaemoglobin. The life span of RBCs is about 120 days whereas the life span of platelets is 3-5 days. Platelets help in clot formation. The plasma without its fibrinogen is called serum. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by thrombin. The prothrombin is converted into thrombin by thrombokinase and calcium Except pulmonary artery all arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery in the body is called aorta. (j) Diagram based questions. Q1.Alongside is the diagrammatic sketch of two kinds of blood vessels. 1. Identify the blood vessels A and B. Ans. A- Artery; B-Vein 2. Name the parts numbered 1 to 6. Ans. 1.Endothelium 2.Middle layer 3.Connective tissue 4.Endothelium 5.Middle layer/muscular layer 6.Connective tissue. 3. Mention any two differences between A and B. Ans. Artery Vein 1. It has thick muscular 1. It has thin muscular wall. wall. 2. It has a narrow lumen. 2. It has a wider lumen. Q2. Alongside diagram represents the human heart in one of the process of activity. 1. Name the parts numbered 1 to 5. Ans. 1. Pulmonary artery (to lungs) 2. Aorta 3. Pulmonary vein (from lungs) 4. Left Atrium (relaxing) 5. Bicuspid valve(mitral) 2. What do the arrows indicate in a general way? Ans. Arrows show the direction of flow of the blood. 3. Which part or parts of the heart are contracting in this phase? Ans. Ventricles are contracting. 4. How many valves in this phase are closed? Name them. Ans. Two 1. Mitral valve( bicuspid valve ) 2. Tricuspid valve. Q3. Study the following diagram carefully and then answer the questions that follow: 1. Name the cell labelled 1. Ans. Red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes. 2. Identify the phenomenon occurring in A. Ans. Diapedesis 3. Mention two structural differences between 1 and 2. Ans. RBCs WBCs (a)Cells without nucleus (a)Nucleated cells (b) Minute biconcave disc like (b)Colorless rounded or irregular cells cells. 4. Name the process occurring in B and C and state the importance of this process in the human body. Ans. Phagocytosis- Neutrophils kill microorganisms and provide protection against infection. Q4. Given below is a schematic representation of the circulatory system in man. Study the same and answer the questions that follow: 1. Label the parts 1 to 4 indicated in the diagram. Ans 1. 1- Right auricle. 2- Left ventricle 3- Aorta. 4- Body organs. 2. Give one difference between the parts 1 to 2 based on: (1) Their structure (2) The nature of blood following through them: Ans 2. Right auricle Left ventricle 1. The wall of right auricle is 1. The wall of left ventricle is thinner and smoother. thicker and rough. 2.The deoxygenated blood flows 2. The oxygenated blood flows. 3. What is the specific name of the type of blood circulation that takes place between the heart and the lungs? Ans 3. Pulmonary circulation 4. Name the valve found at the beginnings of the part labelled 3. Ans 4. Aortic semilunar valve. Q5 Study the figures A, B and C shown below and answer the question that follows: 1. Name the blood vessel shown in A. Ans 1. Capillary 2. Name the two blood cells in A. Give one structural differences between the two blood cells. Ans 2. WBC, RBC WBC s are amoeboid whereas RBC s are biconcave. 3. Name the processes taking place in A and B. State the importance of each process. Ans 3. A- Diapedesis, B- Phagocytosis Function- Defensive mechanism against the disease causing germs. Q6 Given below is a diagrammatic representation of a certain part of the process of circulation of blood in man. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow: 1. Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 4 and 6. Ans 1. 1-Pulmonary artery. 2-Pulmonary vein. 4-Renal artery. 6-Hepatic artery. 2. Give the number and name of vessel which contains the maximum amount of urea a few hours after a protein rich meal. Ans 2. 5-Hepatic vein. 3. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the cross-sectional view of the blood vessel numbered 3. Ans 3. Artery. 4. Mention two structural difference between blood vessels 3 and Ans 4. Blood vessel-3(artery) Blood vessel-8(Vein) 1. It has thick muscular wall with 1. It has thin muscular wall with wide narrow lumen. lumen. 2. Valves are absent 2. Valves are absent. Q7 The diagram given below represents a certain category of blood vessels showing the role of a special structure in their walls: 1. Name the kind of blood vessels shown. Ans. Veins. 2. Name the structure shown inside the blood vessels. Ans.Valves. 3. Describe the role of this structure. Ans. These valves prevent the backflow of blood flowing through vein. 4. Are these structures present in any other kind of blood vessel? If so, name it. Ans. Yes, lymph vessels. 5. Towards which side of the figure (top or bottom) is the heart located? Ans. Top. Q8 Given below is a diagram of a smear of human blood. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow: 1. Name the parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicated by guidelines. Ans1. 1- Red blood cells. 2- White blood cells. 3- Platelets. 4- Plasma. 2. Mention two structural differences between the parts labeled 1 and 2. Ans. The structural differences between part 1(RBCs) and part 2(WBCs). Part 1 (RBCs) Part 2 (WBCs) 1 They are biconcave discs. 2. They do not have a nucleus. 1. They are amoeboid. 2. They have a large and lobed nucleus. 3. What is the main function of the parts labeled 1,2, and 3? Ans. 1- RBCs it supplies oxygen and nutrients to all the cells and tissues. 2 WBCs it protects the body from disease causing germ by the process of phagocytosis. 3 Platelets - It helps in the process of blood clotting. 4. What is the life span of the part labelled 1? Ans. 120 days. 5. Name the soluble protein found in 4 which helps in the clotting of blood. Ans. Thrombokinase. Q9 Given below is a group of terms. Arrange and rewrite the terms in the correct order so as to be in a logical sequence. 1. Right auricle, Pulmonary vein, Post and pre vena cava, Lungs, Right ventricle, Pulmonary artery, left auricle. Ans: Post and Pre vena cava, Right auricle, Right ventricle, Pulmonary artery, lungs, Pulmonary veins, left auricle . 2. Posterior vena cava, Renal artery, Aorta, Renal vein, Kidney. Ans Aorta, Renal artery, Kidney, Renal vein, Posterior vena cava. 3. Aorta, Hepatic vein, Hepatic portal vein, Stomach ,Liver. Ans Aorta, Stomach, Hepatic portal vein , Liver, Hepatic vein. (l)Select the correct answer from the choices given under each question 1. A portal system is a system in which: 1. A vein starts from an organ and ends up in the heart 2. A vein breaks up in an organ into capillaries and restarts by their union as a new vein from that organ. 3. An artery breaks up in an organ and restarts by union of its capillaries 4. The blood from the gut is brought into the kidney before it is poured into the posterior vena cava. Ans. A vein breaks up in an organ into capillaries and restarts by their union as a new vein from that organ. 2. Blood circulation takes the following course in man s heart: 1. Left auricle---left ventricle---lungs---right auricle----right ventricle. 2. Right auricle---left ventricle. 3. left auricle---left ventricle. 4. None of these. Ans. left auricle---left ventricle. 3. Mitral (bicuspid) valve in mammals guards the opening between: 1. Stomach and intestine 2. Pulmonary vein and left auricle 3. Right auricle and right ventricle 4. Left auricle and left ventricle Ans. Left auricle and left ventricle 4. Interchange of materials in the tissues occurs between: 1. Blood and lymph 2. Lymph and tissue fluid 3. Veins and tissue cells 4. Blood capillaries and tissue cells Ans. Blood capillaries and tissue cells 5. An artery is: 1. thin-walled in which blood flows under low pressure 2. thick-walled in which blood flows under high pressure 3. thin-walled in which blood flows under high pressure 4. thick-walled in which blood flows under low pressure Ans. thick-walled in which blood flows under high pressure 6. Which one of the following organs can be called a sort of blood bank for the requirement of the body? 1. Heart 2. Liver 3. Spleen 4. Lungs Ans. Spleen 7. Pulmonary veins: 1. Carry pure blood from heart to lungs 2. Carry impure blood from lungs to heart 3. Carry pure blood from lungs to heart 4. Carry impure blood from heart to lungs Ans. Carry pure blood from lungs to heart 8. White blood cells engulf bacteria in a process called 1. Diapedesis 2. Phagocytosis 3. Active transport 4. Passive transport Ans. Phagocytosis 9. Agranulocytes are 1. Lymphocytes and monocytes 2. Lymphocytes and basophils 3. Eosinophil s and basophils 4. Eosinophil s and monocytes Ans. Lymphocytes and monocytes Section II Question2.Differentiate between the following: 1. Blood plasma and Serum.(fibrinogen content) Ans Blood Plasma Serum It contains fibrinogen It does not contain fibrinogen 2. RBCs and WBCs (origin) Ans RBCs(Erythrocytes) WBCs(Leucocytes) Produced in the marrow of long Produced red bone marrow, bones, lymph nodes, ribs and lymph nodes, sometimes in breast bone. liver and spleen. 3. Pleura and Pericardium (Location) Ans Pleura Pericardium Located around the lungs. Located around the heart. 4. Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve (location) Ans Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve It is present between left auricle It is present between right and left ventricle. auricle and right ventricle. 5. Lymphocytes and Neutrophils (structure) Ans Lymphocytes Neutrophils They have a single large nucleus They have nucleus with 3-4 which occupies most of the cell. lobes. Question3 .Give biological reasons for the following: 1. It is necessary to maintain a normal osmotic concentration of the blood. Ans. Normal osmotic concentration of the blood is to be maintained to prevent the movement of water molecules. 1. From blood to the cells that lead to swelling of the cells 2. From the cells to blood that leads to shrinkage of the cells. 2. The blood in the arteries flows in spurts. Ans. The blood in the arteries flows in spurts due to pressure which corresponds to the ventricular contractions of the heart. 3. A matured mammalian erythrocyte lacks nucleus and mitochondria. Ans. 1. Absence of nucleus in a matured erythrocytes makes the cell concave which increases the surface area to absorb more oxygen. 2. Absence of mitochondria ensures that the oxygen absorbed from the lungs is transported and delivered to the tissue unconsumed. 4. Veins have a large lumen. Ans. 1. Large lumen helps to keep the blood move uniformly. 2. It enables the blood to flow under low pressure. 5. Veins have valves. Ans. 1. The valves prevent the back flow of the blood. 2. They ensure the unidirectional flow of blood towards heart. 6. Capillaries are very thin. Ans. The main function of capillaries is to allow the diffusion of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue cells. Question4.Write the full form of: 1. A V N Ans. Atrio-ventricular node. 2. R B C Ans. Red blood corpuscle. 3. W B C Ans. White blood corpuscle. Question5.Give the technical terms for the following: 1. Movement of WBCs out of capillary walls at the site of injury. Ans. Diapedesis. 2. The phase of contraction of the chambers of the heart Ans. Systole. 3. A vein which carries blood from liver to posterior vena cava Ans. Hepatic vein. 4. A vein which carries blood from small intestine to the liver Ans. Hepatic portal vein. 5. A stain used in preparation of a blood smear Ans. Leishman stain. 6. High blood pressure Ans. Hypertension. 7. Low blood pressure Ans. Hypotension. 8. An artery carrying deoxygenated blood Ans. Pulmonary artery. 9. A vein carrying oxygenated blood Ans. Pulmonary vein. 10. Blood flows through the heart with definite pattern of system of systoles and diastoles. Ans. Cardiac cycle. 11. Thread like structure which extend from the wall of ventricular to the auriculoventricular valves. Ans. Chordae tendinae Question6. Answer the following questions. Q1. List the steps in the coagulation of blood. Ans. The steps are as follows. 1. The injured tissue cells and platelets release a substance thrombokinase. 2. The thrombokinase acts as an enzyme and with the help of calcium ions converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3. Thrombin in the presence calcium ions reacts with soluble fibrinogen to convert it into insoluble fibrin. 4. Blood cells are trapped in the network of fibrin which shrinks and squeezes out the rest of the plasma to form solid mass called as clot. Q2. Why is it necessary to know the blood groups before transfusion? Ans. 1. Transfusion of incorrect blood groups results in agglutination 2. This can be fatal. Q3.Given below is an example of a certain structure and its special functional activity. Write the term for the functional activity.eg Kidney and Excretion. 1. 2. 3. 4. Blood platelets and blood clotting. Neutrophils and phagocytosis. Erythrocytes and transport of gases. Bone marrow and production of blood corpuscles. Q4. Explain Lymph: Ans. 1. The plasma and leucocytes that leak out through the capillary walls constitute the tissue fluid. 2. Most of this tissue fluid enters another set of minute channels called Lymph vessels and the fluid is then called Lymph. Q5. State the main functions of Lymph.[write any 2] Ans (i)Nutritive: Supplies nutrition and oxygen. (ii)Drainage: It drains away excess tissue fluid. (iii)Absorption: Fats from the intestine are absorbed through lymphatics. (iv)Defence: The lymphatics remove bacteria from the tissues. Q6. Write a note on Tissue fluid Ans. 1. The plasma and the leucocytes leak out through the walls of capillary. 2. This fluid bathes the cells. 3. This fluid is called the tissue fluid. Q7. State the characteristics of blood. [ write any 2] Ans. 1. Blood is bright red viscous- fluid. 2. It s pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 (alkaline). 3. It s temperature is maintained at about 38 C. 4. It constitutes about 8% of the total body weight. Q8. State and explain the functions of the leucocytes. Ans. Functions of leucocytes are as follows 1. Defence: leucocytes defend the body against pathogens 2. Production of antibodies and antitoxins 1. Lymphocytes are involved in the production of antibodies 2. basophils and eosinophils produce antitoxins. Q9. Enlist the functions of blood platelets Ans. 1. Clotting of blood 2. Prevent undue loss of blood Q10. Comment: Abnormally large numbers of W.BC in the blood is usually an indication of some infection in the body . Ans. 1. If some powerful microbes cannot be destroyed by the W.B.C.s then the white blood cells form antibodies, or may produce anti-toxins. 2. In this process they stimulate more production of W.B.Cs indicating infection in the body. Q11. Where are the R.B.Cs formed? Ans. In adults bone marrow of long bones eg. Ribs, breast bone. In embryo liver and spleen. In children upto 5 years of age bone marrow of all bones. Q12. Explain Rhesus factor. Ans. 1. Rhesus factor is a substance present in the red blood cells of many people. Such people are said to be rhesus positive (Rh+) 2. Absence of this substance in red blood cells is said to be rhesus negative.(Rh-) Q13. Explain blood transfusion. Ans. 1. The process of transferring blood from one healthy person to another needy patient is called blood transfusion. 2. Before blood transfusion, the blood groups of both must be compared for compatibility. Q14. Which blood vessel enters the kidney and which leaves it? Give points of differences in the blood carried by them. Ans. 1. Renal artery enters the kidney. 2. Renal vein leaves the kidney. Points of difference: Renal Artery Renal Vein 1. Carries oxygenated 1. Carries blood deoxygenated blood 2. Carries nutrients 2. Carries CO2 Q15. State the location and function of Pulmonary Artery & Chordae tendinae. Ans. Structure Location Function 1. Pulmonary Artery A blood vessel Carries connecting R.V and deoxygenated lungs. blood from heart to lungs. 2. Chordae tendinae Attached to the walls They prevent the of the ventricles. over bulging of valve into the auricles. Q16. Explain the main function of the mitral valve. Ans. 1. Allows only flow of blood from the left auricle into the left ventricle 2. It prevents back flow to blood from the left ventricle into the left auricle. Q17. In mammalian (human) heart, the blood flows only in one direction. Ans. 1. The openings connecting the auricles to ventricles are guarded by tricuspid and bicuspid valves respectively. 2. These valves prevent the backflow of the blood. Q18. What is Pulmonary circulation? Ans. 1. Flow of deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs by pulmonary artery. 2. Flow of oxygenated blood from lungs to heart through pulmonary vein. Q19. What is Systemic circulation? Ans. 1. Flow of oxygenated blood from heart to various parts of the body through aorta. 2. Flow of deoxygenated blood from body to heart through venacava. Q20. What is a pulse? Ans. Pulse is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole. Q21. What is Cardiac Cycle? Ans. 1. Blood flows through the heart with a definite pattern of systoles and diastoles. These events together constitute a cardiac cycle. 2. It last for about 0.85 secs. Q22. What is Blood Pressure Ans. 1. Blood pressure is the peripheral pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries. 2. Normal range of blood pressure is 120/80 mm. Q23. What is meant by Hypertension? Write its cause. Ans. 1. High blood pressure is called hypertension. 2. It is caused by the constriction of arterioles, which results in increased resistance to blood flow. Q24. State the function of pulmonary artery. Ans. Pulmonary artery takes the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. Q25. What is Hepatic portal vein? State it functions. Ans. 1. The vein starting from the stomach and the intestine enters the liver as a combined hepatic portal vein. 2. The food absorbed by the stomach and the intestine is first brought to the liver by hepatic portal vein. Q26. Write the significance of hepatic portal system. Ans. Significance of hepatic portal system. 1. It monitors glucose level in the blood. 2. It detoxifies any toxic substance that is absorbed into the blood. Q27. Explain carbon monoxide poisoning. Ans. 1. Haemoglobin has a very strong affinity for carbon monoxide forming a stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) . 2. This cuts down the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which can be fatal. IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS. 1. Draw RBCs and also show its transverse section. 2. Draw diagrams to show different types of WBCS. 3. Draw diagram to show structural difference between artery and vein. 4. Observe the following diagram and note the labelling.
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